tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61302395937469590612024-03-07T23:30:33.953-08:00MagSakaUnladMagasin sa pagSasaka at pagUnlad. Nagbibigay ng mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga karanasan, teknolohiya at iba pang kaalaman sa larangan ng agrikultura, agroforestry, gubatan at pangisdaan tungo sa pag-unlad ng pamayanan.MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-12499774313235542222013-06-01T05:40:00.001-07:002013-06-01T05:40:25.543-07:00INTEGRATING FRUITS IN AGROFORESTRY<!--[if !mso]>
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<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTEGRATING FRUITS
IN AGROFORESTRY<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virgilio
T. Villancio and Ana T. Papag<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<div class="WordSection2">
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BACKGROUND</span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Philippines has 30
million hectares and about 54 percent are considered upland areas and are very
prone to soil erosion. Only about 800,000 hectares were under the natural
forest in 2002. There are about three (3) million hectares under rice-based
farming systems and another three (3) million hectares in the corn-based
farming systems. The recent estimate of the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)
reported about four (4) million hectares under coconut-based farming systems.
There are about 20 million people estimated to be living in those upland areas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The need for land use systems that will
provide permanent cover to these areas is recognized. These systems should be
able to provide production and income for the people and at the same time
develop the watershed to provide the basic services and functions. This is
where agroforestry is recognized to be important. Agroforestry combines woody
perennial crops and short duration agricultural crops grown simultaneously or
sequentially in the farm. It is also referred to as a system of growing trees
on farm. Fruit trees are natural component of agroforestry since fruits are
harvested and provide benefits without necessarily cutting the trees. Among the
commonly grown fruit crops in the Philippines are pineapple, banana, mango,
papaya, lanzones, and citrus. Durian and Mangosteen are becoming popular not
only in Mindanao but in the Luzon areas as well. While some fruits are grown in
orchard or plantation (banana, pineapple and to some extent solo papaya) as
monocrop there are more farms that integrate fruit trees as component of
multi-crop farming systems, which are commonly classified as agroforestry
system. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This paper will deal with the benefits
derived from and some examples of the ways of integrating fruit trees in
agroforestry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some issues and
opportunities for the improvement of the fruit industry in relation to
agroforestry are also mentioned.</span></div>
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<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BENEFITS
FROM FRUIT CROPS</span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agroforestry
is defined as the science, art and practice that deals with the production,
management and utilization of woody perennials in combination with other
agricultural crops, animals, aquatic and/or other resources either zonally,
mixed simultaneously or sequentially for the twin purpose of conservation and
socio-economic productivity (UAP, 1992).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fruit crops are either woody perennials like santol, Mango, rambutan,
Durian and Mangosteen; vines like passion fruit and grapes; or herbaceous like
pineapple and banana. Whatever categories, fruit crops are important component
in agroforestry system. The integration of fruit crops in agroforestry system
provides economic, nutrition and environmental benefits as follows:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There are medium maturing fruit crops that can provide
production and income while the climax agroforestry systems are being
developed. Among the examples are banana, papaya, pineapple and passion fruit.
A farmer in South Cotabato was reported<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>produced as much as PhP 140,000 in 1994 from guapple planted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>along the contour of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his sloping farm (Non, 1999).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruit crops can be processed into various product forms and
stored. Example is Mango, which are not only used and consumed fresh green or
ripe fruit but also being served as green and ripe juices. Mango fruits are
also processed as puree or dried mango. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruit crops can serve as a pension crop. Fruit crops once
established and appropriately managed become productive after four to eight
years. Among the examples are rambutan, mango, lanzones, citrus, guyabano and
mangosteen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruits do not necessarily be sweet to be desirable. For
lanzones, rambutan, oranges, mangosteen and tamarind, consumers are looking for
the sweet taste. There is a room for developing appreciation for sour fruits
into juices. Calamansi and dalandan juice are now gaining in the ready-to-drink
juice market. Passion fruit can be the next addition while bignay and tamarind
are good candidates. Bignay, passion fruit, calumpit, duhat, lepote and I hope
cashew and mabolo have good potential for fruit wine production. Fruit jellies,
marmalades and jams produced by upland communities are best sellers as reported
by the Upland Marketing Foundation.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruits are good food supplement. Most fruits are good source
of vitamin C. Banana provides phosphorous for the body. Bignay is alleged to
have medicinal properties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Good crops started from good planting materials. Farmers
with good quality parent trees of fruit crops also profit from sale of seeds,
seedlings and scion materials.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">With the depletion of timber for the woodcraft industries,
some fruit tree species are now providing raw materials. Timber from Santol
provides good material for woodcarving and baluster. The yellowish wood of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nangka</i> provides a natural material in
guitar production.</span></div>
<h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INTEGRATING FRUIT CROPS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS</span></h1>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Starting
at the homestead.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Appreciation of planting fruit
crops can best be developed if we start planting it in our backyard. In this
manner, we can be familiar with the cultural and management requirement of
fruit production with less investment. Depending on the area available, we can
start with few seedlings of papaya, suckers of banana (saba, latundan,
lakatan), grafted rambutan, mango, pomelo or durian. These crops can be planted
without necessarily sacrificing the area for vegetables and other crops. If you
combine these crops and trees in your homestead, then you have an agroforestry
garden.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">While waiting for the best one enjoy
with the good one. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruit crops can be integrated to provide income in the
medium term. While annual crops like corn, peanut, upland rice and vegetables
can be planted during the first year with the desired climax agroforestry
system (like those with coffee, black pepper and timber trees), fruit crops
like papaya, pineapple and banana can be planted. These fruit crops provide
income during the second to fourth year of the system while the climax crop are
not yet productive. A family in Nabunturan, Compostela Valley received about
PhP 300,000 income from its first harvest of Lanzones in 1987, which had been
instrumental in expanding their farm areas and other farm investment (Arboleda
et. al. 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fruit Crops based Agroforestry System. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The case of a Davao farmer (Arboleda
et. al., 2003) put more emphasis in fruit crops like durian and mangosteen as
the climax agroforestry system. He cleared the land, have it plowed (using a
tractor) twice and harrowed three times. It is then planted to banana and corn.
Durian is then planted at 10 x 10 spacing. The corn harvested already paid for
the land preparation cost while the first harvest of banana already covered the
establishment and maintenance cost. Durian started fruiting during the fourth
year and he starting clearing the farm with banana. Can he plant pineapple in between
existing durian? There is still room for planting yautia or Gabing San Fernando
underneath. A farmer in Alaminos, Laguna is herding chicken (kabir) underneath
his 15-year old rambutan (Villancio, 2001). A farmer in Bulacan herd goats
under the mango farm. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A part of the Agroforestry farm and
landscape mosaic. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In the case of a farmer in Visayas, fruit crops are a part
of the overall farm landscape mosaic. In one part of the farm, he has two
strips of pomelo and below it are patches of kalamansi. In the other side near
the road are rows of durian (20 trees) and on the western corner are 15 trees
of mangosteen that are planted in between rows of banana. About ½ hectare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have hedgerows of natural vegetation with the
alleys in between cultivated alternately to corn and vegetables. Near the
house, is a shed for four (4) does and single buck. At the top portion of the
hill is a mini-forest that combine exotic and indigenous species of trees,
bamboo, palm and other plants. In the narrow valley is a fishpond. You will be
glad to see a watershed with these landscape mosaic in place. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF FRUIT CROPS
IN AGROFORESTRY</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Integrating fruit crops in
agroforestry systems have great potentials and opportunities specially when the
following issues and concerns are addressed:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Improvement of planting materials
quality</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Our case studies among the fruit tree seedling nurseries showed the need to
improve the availability of good quality planting materials. There are
nurseries that do not have available scion grove as well as indexed parent
trees. In most cases, they rely in existing orchard for the source of scion.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Development of value-added products</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Just imagine opening a can of a
leading brand of fruit cocktail. You have pineapple, papaya, peaches, etc.
Among those fruits, which are domestically produced? Can we find substitute to
apple, peaches and cherries.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A family of six (6) just came by to
visit you in a summer option and what you have in the refrigerator are four (4)
prices of ice in bags, you do not have to worry because you still have the
halo-halo mix in doy pack ready to serve for six (6) person. The content of
that mix is a product of agroforestry; you have banana, sweet potato, white
beans, ube (yam) and leche plan. Forget about the melon. Do you think you may
buy that halo-halo mix when you see it in the supermarket stalls? Please buy,
because it will increase the demand for fruit and other products of
agroforestry.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Developing new raw materials.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Among the local fruit jams, strawberry
jam is the most popular. During our SALE Training in Davao City, one of the
participant asked if the wild strawberry which are abundant in Mt. Matutum,
South Cotabato. Wild Rambutan and Tamarind can be a potential for juice production.
Kalahan Educational Foundation developed Dagwey (a local fruit) in Nueva
Viscaya for jelly production. These materials, which are otherwise not
utilized, can be developed to produce new products.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">I remember a water treatment consultant
I met at the Hongkong Airport who asked if it is possible to use mabolo as
substitute for apple. Of course, I imagined the smell of the fruit, its
texture, and how it is just set aside to rot in the roadside of UPLB. But if
you harvest the proper time, processed it to improve the texture, or make the
flavor as well, will the consumer recognize that it is mabolo? What about fruit
cocktail with balimbing (Star fruit)?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Enhancement of support services
particularly in training and marketing of other value added products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The development of Matutum’s Best Jelly started with the
assistance from the Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE) to Mt. Matututm
Integrated Area Development Project that supported a group of women to have an
exposure trip to Kalahan Educational Foundation (KEF) at Imugan, Nueva
Viscaya.. Experts from KEF and MUAD-Negros, another partner NGO, provided
on-site training on guava jelly production to the members of the cooperative.
De Luna et. al (2003) reported the profitable production of Matutum’s Best Jelly
by the Maligo Multi-purpose Cooperative (MMPC) with an ROI of 40 percent.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Another concern is in product
marketing. This is where the Upland Marketing Foundation (UMF) helps. The UMF
does not only help in training but also provide marketing assistance for the
processed products of upland farmers and organizations. Marketing of processed
products from the Kalahan Educational Foundation in Nueva Viscaya is now
handled by UMF.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of capital and high cost of fruit
crops establishment. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In small farms, the cost of quality planting materials in a
major deterrent in planting fruit crops. A ready to plant grafted rambutan
seedling cost about P45 while durian cost about P85. Mangosteen seedlings cost
as much as P100. Calamansi seedlings cost P10-15. These costs are expensive to
most farmers. Some farmers buy newly grafted but established seedlings, which
are almost half the price of plantable seedlings. They buy in December, have it
maintained in their backyard nursery until May for planting. There are some other
cost reduction or cost recovery measure that could be done. Crop
diversification with annual crops as described before is one of them.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROMOTING THE INTEGRATION OF FRUIT CROPS IN
AGROFORESTRY<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The
adoption of agroforestry as a land use system as well as fruit crop production
are still not widespread. Information about the benefits of integrating fruit
crops in agroforestry systems needs to be done. The crop diversification
strategy combining early maturing fruit crops like passion fruit and papaya
with medium maturing crop like pineapple and banana will support the
establishment of long maturing and producing fruits like rambutan, lanzones,
mangosteen, mango and durian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
combination with other timber and non-timber species, the climax agroforestry
system will be more sustainable as it somewhat simulates the forest ecosystem
providing products and income for the people and at the same time providing
environmental services. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fruit
trees in the agroforestry systems ensure that trees are not cut for timber but
are maintained for the fruits that it provides. Expanded fruit production will
contribute for the development of value-added enterprise in terms of food
processing and distribution. Fruit derived products such as puree, jelly, jam,
marmalade, juice, wine and dehydrated products are gaining in the market. Given
appropriate technologies and support, this will provide alternative livelihood
to people in the uplands thus help in eradicating rural poverty.</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Arboleda, L.P., W.M. Carandang and S.T.
Cepada. 2003. Cepada’s Farm: Simbolo ng Pagtutulungan at Modelo ng Kakayahan ng
Agroforestry. Case study presented during the Workshop for the Development of
Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (RATIK), Mindanao Training resource
Center, 10-13 August 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Arboleda, L.P., W.M. Carandang and S.
Belviz. 2003. Ang Agroforestry: May Kakayanan bang Maging Komersyal?
Pagpapatunay ng isang Magsasaka. Case study presented during the Workshop for
the Development of Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (RATIK), Mindanao
Training resource Center, 10-13 August 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">De Luna, C.C., N.G. Natural, R.N.
Nalugon, R. de la Pena and A. Oftana. 2003. Katututbong Bayabas simula sa
Pag-usbong ng Bagong Negosyo: Ang Karanasan ng Matutum’s Best Jelly. Case study
presented during the Workshop for the Development of Agroforestry Technology
Information Kit (RATIK), Mindanao Training resource Center, 10-13 August 2003. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Non, D.S. 1999. Fruit-based Farming
Systems: A case in Tampakan, South Cotabato. In Successful Farming Systems in
the Philippines- A Documentation. Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute
and Bureau of Agricultural Research. P191-202.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PCARRD. 2003. Agroforestry and
Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs – R&D Directions (2000 and beyond). Philippine
Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development, Los Banos, Laguna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UPLB Agroforestry Program. 1992.
Developing an Agroforestry Curriculum Using DACUM Process- Workshop
Proceedings, November 23-26, 1992.UPLB</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 59.75pt; text-indent: -59.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Villancio, V.T. 2000. Fruit Growers as
Entrepreneurs. Paper presented during the Fruit Congress sponsored by the
Philippine fruits Association held at PCARRD, November 14, 2000.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 6.0pt; text-indent: -6.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Paper presented during the 11<sup>th</sup> National Fruit
Symposium, West Visayas State University, La Paz, Iloilo City, October 22-24,
2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 6.0pt; text-indent: -6.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Director and University Research Associate, Institute of
Agroforestry, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, UP Los Banos, College,
Laguna</span></div>
</div>
</div>
MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-56102869424916180202013-06-01T05:33:00.002-07:002013-06-01T05:33:50.136-07:00THE MAKING OF FARMER ENTREPRENEURS<!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">THE MAKING OF FARMER ENTREPRENEURS</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Farming is not just a way of life, it is a business and a
system consisting of various enterprises wherein the farm households allocates
its resources to attain their goals be it for subsistence or for profit
considering its environment. Farming, as in business, is a function of proper
balance and integration of the farm’s enterprises, products, services and its
resources considering the dynamic external environment (Edralin, 1998). This is
where the farmer as an entrepreneur perform a major role. This paper look at
the concept of enterprise, entrepreneurship, entrepreneur and how could these
concept can be used to form the concept of farmer entrepreneur. The
characteristics of farmer entrepreneurs and the factors for their success were
also described.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What is an enterprise?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">An enterprise refer to specific
undertaking, project or venture (dictionary). In a farming system, crop
enterprise would mean production of specific commodities like rice, corn,
fruits, vegetables and other crops. In the same manner, animal enterprise may
mean carabao, cattle, poultry and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>swine
production. Off-farm enterprise mean other farm related activities but not done
in the farmer’s farm but in relation with other farmers. Non-farm enterprise,
on the other hand, refers to non-farm activities such as handicraft making,
carpentry, trading and other enterprises not related to farming. The goal of
the farmer entrepreneur is not only for subsistence but also for profit.</span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What is entrepreneurship?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Entrepreneurship was described by
several author as:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The ability of the individuals to perceive the kind of
products and services that others need and to deliver these at the right time,
to the right place, to the right people and at the right price (SERDEF &
UPISSI, 1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Capacity for innovation, investment and expansion in new
markets, products and techniques (Nathaniel Left).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Taking the risk and invest resources to make something
unique or something new, new designs, new way of making something that already
exist, or create new markets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Who are the entrepreneurs?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are several definitions of
entrepreneurs forwarded by various authors, among which include:</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A person who takes the risk and put this ability into action
for optimum profit and personal satisfaction (Edralin, 1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">One who bears uncertainty, buys labor and materials, and
sells products at uncertain prices (Cantillon as cited by Fajardo, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Who takes risks and makes innovations on the factors of
production (Cantillon as cited by Fajardo, 1994)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adventurer, undertaker and projector</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Function to supply and accumulate capital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">An innovator, does new things and does things in a new way,
supplies new products, make new techniques of production, discovers new sources
of raw materials (Schumpeter as cited by Fajardo, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Searches for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>change,
responds to it and exploit it as opportunity (Peter Drucker as cited by
Fajardo, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">One who shifts economic resources from an area of lower
productivity to an area of higher productivity and yield.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for
business ventures (American Heritage Dictionary)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">People who have the ability to see and evaluate business
opportunities, to gather necessary resources and to take advantage of them and
to initiate appropriate action to ensure success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Those who launch their own ventures from scratch. They
develop scarce resources into successful business by their instinct for
opportunity, sense of timing, hardwork and idea producing activity (Fajardo,
1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What are the characteristics of
entrepreneurs ?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fajardo (1994) cited the description
made by the Development Bank of the Philippines as to the qualities of
entrepreneurs as follows:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Self-reliant.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They count on their efforts and succeed by doing a good job. They rely
principally on their own merits and work. Their self-reliance are founded on
hard work. They have confidence and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>strong faith on their abilities, optimistic, positive thinkers. These
qualities drive them to work with more enthusiasm and energy to reach their
goals<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. “If ye have faith as a grain of
mustard seed …. Nothing shall be impossible unto you.”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Risk-taker. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">They rise to the challenge and convert
problems to opportunities. Their competence are indicative of their openness to
new ideas, new skills and new developments. Despite setbacks and mistakes, they
start all over again. The success of an entrepreneur depend on their ability to
make decisions despite the risk. They gather data about the situation, analyze
the data and make their decisions. Given information at hand and their
experiences, ideas including hunches, they are not afraid to make decisions.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 96px; left: -207px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 0px; width: 32px; z-index: 251657216;"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Industrious.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> They value work and find joy in working.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are proud of the workmanship, conscious
about quality, and the value of their products. Successful entrepreneurs
started with practically nothing but hardwork and determination. Poverty is not
a hindrance for entrepreneurs. They strive and work for their vision. Success
comes to those who think they can and work for it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Humble.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> They have the humility and
single-mindedness of purpose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being
hardworking, they are not ashamed to do work how lowly will it be as long as it
will<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contribute to the attainment of
their goals. Most successful entrepreneurs started from humble beginnings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Helpful.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> They work with others from different
fields and conscious that with their help, they can achieve more. They think
about others, especially those who work for them. They know that the welfare of
their staff are also the welfare of the firm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Creative.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> They are never satisfied. They are
creative and not satisfied with things as they are and with how things are
being done. They experiment. They continue to do things in a different way and
create new products, method, services, markets and utilization of raw
materials. Innovations result to low cost of production, higher profit,
enhancement of environment, and other aspects more beneficial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not only to the firm but to the society as
well. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Leadership.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> They lead people in the conduct of
their business. They plan, organize and implement. They share and lead in the
business fields they are engaged with.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Happy</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. They find joy and in what they do.
The satisfaction of customers are rewards of their efforts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The characteristics enumerated above also characterized the farmer
entrepreneurs studied by FSSRI (1999). Mang Tony from Cavite was described
(Labios, 1999) to have realistic outlook, industry and hard work, dedication,
good planning and low aversion to risk. He participated in the actual work in
the farm while giving supervision<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to set
good example to his workers. He was receptive enough to change. He tried in his
farm the knowledge he gained from seminars. He experimented in his farm.
Technical soundness of the farming systems provided with adequate market and
infrastructure support contributed to successful farming system. He believed
that farming had much to offer and can provide the needs of the farm household
for food, education, shelter, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the case of Mang Tino from Nueva Ecija, Ferrer (1999)
described him to have a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strong
determination to realize ones goal and vision. He had cultivated traits like
industriousness, patience, rapport, and credibility. He tested and
utilized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the knowledge and skills gained
thru training and experience. He directly involved himself and managed
important production activities. He had a deep sense of belonging and pride for
his work and achievements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mang Florendo in Ilocos Norte (Pascua, 1999) stands out as
farmer entrepreneur being educated, financially capable, aware of the factors
affecting farming and an active member of cooperative. He had adequate knowledge
about his farm. There was efficiency in terms of conservation and utilization
of water in a rainfed environment. He modified the recommended technologies in
tomato production and got higher yield compared to other farmers. He was
resourceful in maximizing the use of rice hull and composted residues and
animal manure in crop production. He shared technology information to fellow
farmers and contributed into the success of the Tomato Growers Cooperative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mr. Villarin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from
Laguna recommended careful assessment of the farm and the farmer’s capability
(in both knowledge and resources) and the suitability of the practice or the
enterprise to the farm condition as necessary for successful farming system
(Wagan, 1999). This, he did, when he started integrating fish in his rice-based
farming systems. He started integrating fish pond in small part of the farm and
slowly expanded according to his capability and resources. He also attributed
his success to patience and industry. He had a vision and foresight. He retired
in farming, but converted his farm into a fishing resort which still earn them
enough income while also spend leisure with friends. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tio Wen and Tia Belen case was a partnership for success
(Bordado, 1999). Tio Wen took care of the farm work, attended seminar and
organized farm activities. Tia Belen did the credit sourcing, marketing, rice
milling, maintained the store, raised animals and keep records. The couple was
frugal. They acquired properties given good financial management after paying
for obligation and providing for household needs and children education. They
helped their relatives and other people in the community by credit sourcing and
providing employment opportunities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mang Isyo and Aling Laida was awarded as “Outstanding Family
of the Year” in Antique. They attributed their success to good sense of values,
industry and deligence: discipline and strong determination; good relationship
within the family as well as with the community; good planning and
innovativeness;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>openness to new
technology and above all their never failing faith<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in God (Millamena, 1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What
are the factors for the success of enterprise and entrepreneurs?</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In business, success of
entrepreneurs are indicated by their longevity in business, steady growth,
expansion, client, trust, industry boom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Angodung,
et al., 1997). Edralin (1998) cited Schilit (1994) in categorizing success
indicators as qualitative and quantitative indicators. Qualitative indicators
include customer satisfaction; company reputation, community and social
responsiveness of the firm. Quantitative indicators include stability and
growth of financial position in terms of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>return on investment, return on equity, earnings per share, and decrease
in debt-equity ratio.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the same manner, success of a
farmer entrepreneur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can be gleaned on
their achievement of goals related to farm income and farm household well-being,
profit, production, asset accumulation, human resources and sustainability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Successful entrepreneurs and their
enterprises have their own success stories to tell but they have common
characteristics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as a person and as a
firm in a given business environment. Edralin (1998) cited Angudong et. al.
(1997) who listed the factors of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>success
of an enterprise to include quality product/services, product positioning, effective
human resource development and management, appropriate business policies, unique
value strategy, responsiveness to change, and motivation of employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Edralin (1998) also cited the experiences of Pastrana and
Pingol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as featured in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Business Focus Philippines</i> (1997) as
successful entrepreneurs who attributed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>their success to low cost of production with high value of output; professionalism;
continuous product development and innovation; genuine camaraderie and
friendship as business partners; confidence; seeking of feedback from
performance; hardwork; industry and perseverance; vision; network; technical
knowledge of the product; market research; and planning on long- and short-term
basis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">FSSRI (1999) identified several factors to successful
farming systems among farmer entrepreneur studied. Among those factors were :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Technology.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Access to new and appropriate
technologies contributed to the success of various farming systems. With some
modification on the recommended technologies for tomato production, Ka Florendo
surpassed the average yield of tomato in the community. Enterprise
diversification appeared to be a good startegy among farmer entrepreneurs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Provision of support services.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In most of the cases studied, farmer
entrepreneurs received extension support from the department of Agriculture,
State college and universities (SCUs) and other institutions. They also availed
credit from existing government programs but they mostly depended on non-formal
credit sources. The availability of farm to market roads were essential to have
an access to market. Market was not a problem among the farmer entrepreneur
studied as they were known to be producers of good quality products hence
buyers usually contacted them to buy their produce.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Availability of resources.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> While the case study farmers were
already financially capable, they emphasized that they achieve it through time,
at a slow pace. Land ownership was an edge but do not necessarily hampered
success, as in the case of Mang Tony in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cavite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Personal traits and characteristics of
the farmer entrepreneur.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This personal traits and characteristics are unique to each
case but they do have some commonalities. These include industry, discipline,
creativity, innovativeness, frugality, patience, openness, good planning and
decision making.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fajardo (1994) considered external
factors as very important in promoting success of entrepreneurship, which
include peace and order, political stability, price stability, taxation, infrastructures,
education and training, public administration, production technology,
markets<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and financial assistance.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Can farmer entrepreneur be developed?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The development of agricultural
entrepreneurship can be approached in three interrelated perspectives –
individual, farm household and community. The basic definition of
entrepreneurship is related to an individual as an entrepreneur and not as a
collective – farm household and community. There are indications, however that
the success (and failure) of entrepreneurs in the context of small farms also
lies on the collective characteristics of the farm household and the community
organizations such as cooperative in the community. It is evident that external
factors beyond the individual are important for an entrepreneur to succeed.
Whatever are those factors, entrepreneurial qualities are challenged and
entrepreneurs blossomed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Farmer entrepreneurs are aggressive,
rational, risk-taker, creative, innovative, industrious, disciplined, frugal,
open to change, patient, visionary, planner, and good decision makers. Can
these qualities be learned? Bonifacio (1987) opined that it is possible but
there is a need to provide adequate social and structural context for
entrepreneurship to flourish. This would mean that within the social system,
there should be some reorientation as to the values, roles, and attitudes that
favor entrepreneurship and the formation of entrepreneurial communities.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The farm household has a major role
to play, for it is the family that values are first form. There are indications
that families having entrepreneurial orientation tend to have siblings that are
prepared to be entrepreneur. The social reproduction of knowledge and skills
are initiated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the farm household
where entrepreneurial qualities are conveyed through family activities and
apprenticeship. </span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are tendencies among farm families to send their
children to school and let them have profession other than farming as in the
case of Tio Wen and Tia Belen. The basic reason is not to let their children
suffer the hardship they experienced in farming before they became stable in
agriculture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, if the children
grow up in an environment where agriculture provide more than being employed
somewhere else, then they would chose to be farmer entrepreneur as in the case
of the son of Mang Tino in Nueva Ecija. Although, he had a BS Agriculture
degree, He preferred to stay in the farm and continue improving what his father
had done. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Through farmers organizations engaged in community-based
entrepreneurship, the development of entrepreneurial values and attitudes can be
enhanced. This will also help in expanding the opportunities that can be made
available to the members of the community. Not everybody can be entrepreneur,
but given favorable conditions, more farmers can become entrepreneur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With the availability of community-based
support services to include research, extension, credit, inputs and marketing,
farmer entrepreneur will not just be dealing with production but on value
adding activities as well. They extend their activities beyond the farm into
the communtiy-based enterprise as well. They are no longer just farm
entrepreneur but agricultural entrepreneur. That is why I prefer to call them <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agriprenor</b>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h2 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">REFERENCES</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Angudong, A. R.V. Puangco, B. Tupaz and
S. Valerio. 1997. The success factors and success indicators of small, medium
and large businesses in Metro Manila. De La salle University, April 1997.
(Unpublished)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bonifacio, M.F. 1987. Extension and
research in the context of rural entrepreneurship. In Organizationa
develeopment- DA Vision. Quezon City: Department of Agriculture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Bordado, G. 1999. Rice-based
farming systems: A case in Pili, Camarines Sur. In Successful farming systems
in the Philippines- A documentation. Philippines: Farming Systems and Soil
Resources Institute, CA, UPLB and Bureau of Agricultural Research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“Bright years ahead for this
enterprising duo”. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Business Focus
Philippines. </i>2:1, 50-52, January 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Fajardo, F. 1994.
Entrepreneurship. Manila: National Bookstore.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Drucker, P.F. 1985. Innovation and
entrepreneurship. New York: harper & Row Publishers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Edralin, D.M. 1998. Entrepinoy-
Path to successful entrepreneurship. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US"> Ferrer, A.L. 1999. Rice-based
farming systems: A case in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. In Successful farming systems
in the Philippines- A documentation. Philippines: FSSRI & BAR .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Labios, J. 1999. Pineapple and
Coffee-based farming systems: A case in Tagaytay City, Cavite. In Successful
farming systems in the Philippines- A documentation. Philippines: FSSRI &
BAR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Millamena, A.A. 1999.
Rice-based<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>farming systems: A case in
Sibalom, Leyte. In Successful farming systems in the Philippines- A
documentation. Philippines: FSSRI & BAR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Pascua, S. 1999. Rice-based
farming system: A case in Batac, Ilocos Norte. In Successful farming systems in
the Philippines- A documentation. Philippines: FSSRI & BAR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Schilit, K. W. 1996.Rising starts
and fast fades: Successes and failures of fast growth companies. USA: McMillan,
Inc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Wagan, A.M. 1999. Rice-based
farming systems: A case in Pila, Laguna. In Successful farming systems in the
Philippines- A documentation. Philippines: FSSRI & BAR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">__________________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seminar paper prepared by V.T.
Villancio for AGRO 199 – Colloquium in Agriculture, IAS Lecture Hall, July 17,
2000</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-4295635996442432982013-06-01T04:54:00.001-07:002013-06-01T04:55:33.938-07:00FRUIT GROWERS AS ENTREPRENEURS<!--[if !mso]>
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<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24.0pt;">FRUIT GROWERS AS ENTREPRENEURS</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Virgilio
T. Villancio</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A farmer once asked an old farmer, “Why do
you have to plant those Lanzones if you will not enjoy it in your lifetime?”
The farmer responded “ I am planting this not for me but for my grandchildren.”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></i>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
this wise farmer, fruit growing is a legacy, an unselfish act. To him, planting
fruits is not just for his profit, but for a vision, for the next generation to
cherish. Before we invented sustainability, this farmer knows the term not just
as a goal but a virtue. Do you think if our grandfathers did not plant
Lanzones, we will have our famous Paete Lanzones? Or the Lanzones of Camiguin?</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
it is not true that if you plant fruit trees today you will not enjoy it in
your lifetime. While before, it is a long wait for that golden fruit to bear,
new techniques helped as to savor the sweetness of Paete Lanzones in less than
ten years. Dr. Ed Pantastico once told us that at least five years before
retirement you should have a fruit tree orchard, which will be your retirement
farming systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US">I found it to be true in the case
of Mr. Jaime Goyena of Calauan who developed his orchard after his retirement
from the Development Bank of the Philippines. Mr. Archimedes Cordero of
Alaminos planted his Rambutan orchard in 1984, right before his retirement from
teaching at Mapua Institute of Technology. Mr. Jaime Angcaco of Calauan,
Laguna, did the same after his retirement from the Department of Public Works
and Highways. Even our former Director, Dr. Diosdado Carandang have planted
rambutan and Durian in San Pablo even before his retirement. I failed to talk
with the retired and soon to be retiring staff of the Bureau of Plant Industry
(BPI). I am sure our friend from Davao like Mr. Luis Petrache, Isidro Gandia, and
Nong Paking have good story to tell. Of course, Mr. Danny Palang of DA-RFU8
should have started planting durian and jackfruit. They produce off-season
Durian in Leyte. While at ARO, I also tagged along with Director Conrado
Gonzalez while visiting Mr. Onofre Grino in Basilan and another Menzi
plantation in Davao Oriental in 1982. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US">I am not from a fruit growing
culture but rather a fruit gatherer. We find joy in picking up guava fruits in
season. However, my intersctions with fruit growers since 1981 made me<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dreamed of growing fruits such as Lanzones,
Rambutan, and Durian, Quezon Province.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US">They have their own stories to tell
but they have common characteristics and entrepreneurial experiences which most
fruit growers also share. These lessons can help us if we will be venture into
fruit growing business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US">__________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Paper presented during the Fruit Congress sponsored by
the Philippine fruits Association held at PCARRD, November 14, 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US">They work for a vision</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A successful
entrepreneur is determined to reach a mission. For Mr Alfonso Namudje Jr going
to fruit growing is not a matter for retirement but a matter of choice. When
the Namudje couple decided to quit their jobs with an assured salary income,
they aspired of reaching a vision. They did not want to work for somebody else
but for their own business. After his high school studies, Mr. Namudje Jr quit
school for a year and claimed a seven-hectare homestead in Malabing, Kasibu,
Nueva Viscaya. After a year, he went for college education (BSA) at the
Gregorio Araneta University Foundation. On the other hand, his wife, Flor
graduated from UPLB. Being a BSA (Animal Science) graduate, he started as a
Farm Manager with Monterey farm in Canlubang, Laguna in 1975 where he met his
wife, who is an Animal Nutritionist. They later on transferred to Domino Farm
and Milagros Farm in Nagcarlan, Laguna. However, in 1985, the couple decided to
go back to Nueva Viscaya and develop their own farm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">They are prepared for animal production venture but not for fruit growing.
When they started developing the 7-hectare farm in 1985 and have planted a
hectare area with Zinkom, other farmers frowned at them. How could they sell
their fruits from a place 42 km away from tne nearest population center,
Solano, Nueva Viscaya. The road leading to the village is an abandoned logging
road. During the rainy season, it takes about 6-8 hours to travel the 42-km
road. However, they persisted on a vision that if they have developed something
in the area, the road will be developed someday and thing will become
favorable. Namudje Jr even encourage other farmers to go with him into a field
trip in Laguna and Cavite to show them that something could also be done in
their area. Today, there are about 30 fruit growers in the village and the road
had improved. You need only about less than two hours to travel the 42-km road.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">From 7-hectare farm, the Namudjes now have a 14-hectare orchard
planted with bearing Oranges- Hamlin (400 trees), Navel (500 trees), Trovita
(300 trees) and Valencia (200 trees); Mandarins- Satsuma (800 trees), and
Ponkan (800 trees). They also tried the Kalinga Mandarin (10 trees) and showed
good potential, hence they are now reproducing it. They also have Red Chandler
(300 trees) and Chinese Pummelo (75 trees). They can now afford to send the
eldest daughter,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jennifer to medical
school. Alfonso Namudje III<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who just
graduated in 1999 (BS Agribusiness, UPLB) handles the marketing while Josephine
is taking BSA plant Pathology at UPLB presumably inspired by the problems being
confronted by their farm as far as citrus diseases is concerned.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even Namudje III has a vision to
fulfill. He experienced that fruit from their farm are not enough hence he has
to buy fruit from other farms. The problem, however, is the quality of the fruits
from other farms. He envision to venture into input trading and refers other
fruit growers to reliable nurseries for planting materials. The more fruit
grower he could deal with, the more assured will be the volume of fruit he
could market.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is the same case with the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angcacos. After meeting an accident, Mr.
Jaime Angcaco had to have an early retirement (51 years old) at DPWH. While
they are in Talisay, Cebu, their children are already in Manila either working
or as students. Since he had already retired his children convinced them (with
his wife Lally) to migrate to Luzon. Out of his retirement benefits, he bought
a 2-hectare farm in Paliparan, Laguna, which he planted to coffee. Even though
the coffee is just barely one year old, they uprooted it and replaced it with
Rambutan. With their children, they envisioned the farm to be an ideal orchard.
Her daughter Emily is always on the look out for information about fruit trees
management. She with her husband always buy reading materials for their father.
His on-in-law even brought to him two seedlings of Durian from Thailand, which
they await to bear fruit. His son Lito, a Marine Engineer, decided to live with
the couple. He do not dream of leaving the country but rather stay at home with
fruit trees. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td height="0" width="96"></td></tr>
<tr><td><br /></td><td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US">Mr. Goyena’s vision of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rambutan to be processed not only the pulp but the seeds as well is not
far from reality. After he shared to me that vision, I tried eating the seeds
and we could really find a variety that will suit that vision. He is determined
for that vision and he had selected R-5 and R-13 which have excellent
qualities.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span><br />
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They seek for self-reliance</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
fruit grower as an entrepreneur relies on their efforts and succeed by doing
good in this undertaking. They do need technology and information about fruit
growing but they do not wait for it. With limited knowledge, they do try and
learn. Even without support from the government extension office, they engaged
in fruit growing. Later on, they have the opportunity to seek advise from the
experts, follow what they advise and become better than them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">For most of the growers I interacted with, experience was the best
teacher for them. Mr. Cordero is a civil engineer, retired teacher, a
businessman and stays at Bel-air, Makati. He has a farm in Alaminos Laguna
which are planted to Rambutan. He planted about 1,200 trees in his three
hectare farm in 1984 in a closely spaced manner with chico and citrus in
between rambutan. Nobody told him that Rambutan has to be widely spaced at
about 10 X 10 meters. However, he observed that the trees are closing its
canopy and can not have a good stand. He started cutting the chico and the
citrus and then later on other rambutan trees. Next year, he is planning to cut
down some more rambutan trees so that the spacing would become 10 X 10 meters.
He keep on asking and keep on learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mr. Namudje Jr. was trained in animal production but planted Zinkom
in Nueva Viscaya in 1985 until he found out that this is not the best citrus
variety in his farm. In 1987, he started replacing Zinkom with oranges,
mandarin and pummelo and now reaping good harvest at a good price. This was
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>same experience of Mr. Angcaco who
at first planted coffee in 1985 and later on replaced it with Rambutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">They also seek for self-reliance in financing farm development. The
Namudje Farm relied on own capital to develop the 7-hectare farm. It is only in
1992 that secured a loan of P 1.5 million from Land Bank of the Philippines for
expansion of their orchard. This mean having a loan only when they have enough
collateral to provide for the loan. After paying the loan in 1996, another loan
was given by LBP. This financed further expansion to what is now 14-hectare
farm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They take risk </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Namudje Jr accepted the
challenged. From a managerial position, he risked not only himself but his
family as well in going to a far flung village and established an orchard.
Whatever they have saved could just be lost if their ventures lost. He is open
to new ideas as evident by his decision to replace the Zinkom variety by mostly
imported citrus varieties. Despite some setbacks in their decisions, they are
determined to reach their vision. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Given information at hand and their
experiences, ideas including hunches, they decide. Mr. Angcangco have to sell
his Rambutan by contract if the contractor can give him a good price. If they
can not agree with the price, he rather directly sell the fruits and take the
risk. Most often, however, he received reasonable prices from contractors
except during bad years when the fruit crops were damaged (1997 and 1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Cordero always sells his
rambutan to contractors but told me that this coming year he will retain the
half of the trees and directly sell it by himself. He has to do it to know how
fruit trading works. I told him about how my Tatay Temyong does it. He is a
grower and at the same time a contractor. Sometimes he lost but most of the
time he gains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They are Industrious</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They value fruit growing as not just
a business but life and work. Mr. Cordero told me that in order to succeed, a
fruit grower must be a hands-on entrepreneur. You should not let your laborers
do everything by themselves. You must always be on the look out on what are
going on the farm. Work with them if you must. Lito Angcaco supported that by
saying that everyday you must see your trees. If you miss to see the
occurrences of insect pest damages and did not institute control measures, you
will end up having damaged fruits and nothing to market. Mr. Goyena sees to it
to be always in his farm whenever there are no outside calls. He is also busy
in sharing his knowledge in fruit growing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They are humble to be proud</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">Successful entrepreneurs started from humble beginnings. Although
most of the case<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I mentioned are
retirees, they did humble themselves. From the comfort of their professions,
they go back to the farm and till the soil. They are not ashamed to be farming.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">How humble they could be but they are also proud of the fruit of
their humility and industry. Mr. Goyena is proud of his R-5 and R-13. It is a
product of his ingenuity and hardwork. I mentioned to Mr. Angcaco about those
Rambutan varieties and he also like to try. A fruit grower always take pride in
trying new varieties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mr. Namudje Jr, is proud of his oranges and mandarins. Mr. Namudje
III should also be proud that he able to penetrate the fruit market dominated
by imported fruits. He started marketing Satsuma outside of Nueva Viscaya while
a senior student at UPLB. During the last season, crates with Namudje Farms
mark can be seen in the fruit stand, fairs, and even at Rustan’s. Mr. Angcaco
is proud to say that well known personalities already contracted the fruits of
their Durians even if it is not yet flowering because they have tasted how different
it is from the Durian they have tasted before. As Lally Angcaco said it, their
success is founded on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“sipag at tiyaga”</i>.</span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> They are creative</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These entrepreneurs are never
satisfied. They are creative and not satisfied with what they already have. Mr
Goyena was not satisfied with Maharlika and keep on looking for a better
selection especially those for processing. With more growers planting Rambutan,
it is expected that there will come a time that we have to process the fruit.
Having a processing variety of Rambutan is a good idea. Another product of his
creative ideas is the multiple stock system, which will not only protect the
trees but also have implication on tree nutrition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Angcaco always try new things
even those he considered nonsense. Somebody told him that in planting Durian,
he must put basal fertilizer plus sugar into the hole, cover it with soil and
then plant the seedlings. The fruit of the Durian will be sweet. He did try it
although he considered it nonsense. However, it turn out that the fruit of the
Durian he planted is really sweeter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Namudje Farm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tried flower induction with a foliar
fertilizer for off- season production especially if the trees did not bear good
fruit during the previous season. However, if there is a good harvest during
the previous year, they let the trees to flower in the regular season.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They help, they share.</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They get ideas from other growers
and they also share them to others. Mr. Namudje Jr received some ideas from the
former Vice-mayor of Solano, who also have friends having plant nurseries
producing oranges and mandarins planting materials. These assured him of good
quality planting materials. He in turn shares his knowledge to the growers in
the village. Having more growers engaged in citrus production will benefit
everybody in the village in terms of assuring volume of production for the
market.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Goyena is not selfish in what he
knows. He always shares. He gained satisfaction if he could convince other
growers on his ideas. This is also the case for Roger Maon. In the process,
however, they also make business. They receive orders of planting materials as
well.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">They are happy</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They find joy in what they do. The
trees flushing with leaves, with flowers and with fruits are joy for the eyes
and for the heart. As more baskets get filled with fruits, more joy abound in
the pockets. As more costumers go back and praise the quality of the fruits,
growers are more inspired to work hard to always satisfy them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My father-in-law is also a fruit
grower. He always find joy as he see his grandchildren finding happiness in
picking the fruits of Rambutan or holding a big bunch of Lanzones. We missed
the Lanzones this year but we have the bounty of Rambutan fruits. For the
Rambutan growers, it is a blessing. A good harvest of Lanzones coinciding with
the good harvest of Rambutan would mean a very low price for Rambutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US">They do have problems as well</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The main problems mentioned by
entrepreneurs are reliable planting materials, pests, marketing and weather condition.
It is disappointing for a grower to have waited for five years and realized
that the fruit he planted is not the preferred variety. The Namudje farm
recognized three varieties of Satsuma in their crop. The two varieties which
are less preferred due to its low quality are now being replaced. Mr. Cordero
is quite lucky that about 90 % of the Rambutan he planted are Super maharlika.
He mentioned that some growers are duped by nursery owners and almost 50 of the
trees are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supsupin</i> rather than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tuklapin</i>. Mr. Angcaco bought from a
reliable source thus he did not encounter any problem about the quality of his
fruit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Insect pest is a problem in Rambutan
and Citrus production. Growers are always on the look out of possible
outbreak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Namudje Farm has to cut its
Purple Passion Fruit sine it serves as alternate hosts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prices of fruits are
generally low during the peak season. One grower mentioned that it is the
contractor that profits much than the growers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Another grower, however, recognized the risk that is being assumed by
the contractor. They do not sell the crop while it is yet in the flowering
stage. Most contractors provide almost 50% allowance for possible fruit drop
and most often offer a lower price. It requires skill on the part of the grower
to also estimate the potential income of the crop given price projection at
harvest. With this skill, they can negotiate a reasonable price for the crop. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Crop diversification is an strategy
to cope up with price and production risk. The Namudje farm have several
varieties of oranges and mandarins. Lally’s Farm had included Durian and
Lanzones in their crops. Mr. Obrero us thinking of integrating native chicken
in his orchard. Mr. Goyena combined nursery operation with orchard. His nursery
operation not only deals with rambutan but also other crops like Durian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fruit growing always depend on the
weather. Farms with irrigation possibilities can cope up with drought. Lally’s
Farm installed an elaborate irrigation system to ensure that Rambutan do not
suffer drought stress especially during the fruit formation stage. However, it
is very difficult to cope up with typhoon. Growers (or the contractor) are
fortunate this year that typhoon came when most of the Rambutan had been
harvested. However, those trees heavily damaged by typhoon require at least two
years to recover. In the case of Lanzones, production in Laguna have not
recovered since typhoon Rosing in 1995. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some management approach, however,
could mitigate the effect of typhoon. Windbreak trees are planted in the
boundaries. In the case of Durian, Mr. Ancaco realized that pruning the trees
to allow it to be only about four-5 meters height reduced the incidence of
trees felled down by typhoon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US">They reproduce</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fruit growing is infectious. Mr.
Angcaco decided to go for Rambutan growing because he saw his neighbor, Mr.
Abrigo having a very good Rambutan orchard. Mr. Namudje ventures into Oranges
and Mandarin production because they saw how other growers succeed. Mr. Goyena
is not remiss in sharing what he knows.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lito Angcaco has a good appreciation
of fruit growing thus he left his marine engineering profession. His brother is
pursuing Civil engineering but more keen of establishing a fruit tree nursery.
Alfonso Namudje III would rather<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>become
an entrepreneur than be employed. His apprenticeship at Namudje Farm provided
him with the insight on what other aspect of fruit production that has
potential for improvement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How the fruit grower entrepreneur
multiplies depend on how they are encouraged to be so. Most of the
entrepreneurs I interacted developed their farms at their own effort. The
industry and the growers association need to put more effort in promoting
entrepreneurship. We have more growers having fruit crops in the backyard.
These growers have already the seed of knowledge as to how the fruits are
grown. They can become entrepreneur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Through growers organizations engaged in community-based
entrepreneurship, the development of entrepreneurial values and attitudes can
be enhanced. With the availability of community-based support services to
include research, extension, credit, inputs and marketing, growers will not
only be dealing with production but on other aspect of the fruit growing
business as well. Not everybody can be entrepreneur, but given favorable
conditions, more fruit growers can become<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>entrepreneur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">(I wish to extend my gratitude to Mr. Jaime Goyena;
Alfonso Namudje III, Archimedes Cordero, Jaime, Lito and Lally Angcaco, and
other fruit growers whom I met since 1981 who provided me some insights about
fruit production. Also my thanks to the Philippine Fruit Association for
encouraging me to present this paper)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-41325786037892316572013-06-01T04:33:00.000-07:002013-06-01T04:33:01.188-07:00Kaya Nila, Kaya Mo Rin, Kaya Natin To!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kaya
Nila, Kaya Mo Rin, Kaya Natin To!</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">DERETSO
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BALITA</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US">,
Taon 2, bilang 4, April 24-30, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Virgilio T. Villancio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kasama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ang aking pamilya, umuwi kami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sa aming<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bayan sa Lopez, Quezon noong nakaraang Mahal na Araw upang dumalo sa
ika-25 taong pagkikita-kita ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">High
School Class 1974 </i>sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lopez Provincial
High School.</i> Ayon sa aking misis, mabuti raw ang aming klase dahil marami
ang naging matagumpay sapagka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t makikita sa
dami ng mga sasakyan na nakaparada at mga nagsipagtapos sa kolehiyo. Marami rin
naman ang dumalo, subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t karamihan dito
ay mga propesyonal at ang mas marami na naiwanan sa bayan ng Lopez ay
nagbantulot na dumalo dahil sa pag-aalangan. Dahil hindi nakatapos sa kolehiyo,
sila ay naging magbubukid at manggagawa at sa kanilang pagtingin ay alangang
makihalubilo sa ganitong pagtitipon. Bakit nga ba ganoon ang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pananaw ng ating mga kabayan? Dahil isang
magbubukid o dahil isang tsuper<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ay hindi
na karapat-dapat makihalubilo sa lipunan? Ang ganitong pagtitipon ay hindi
isang paraan ng pagyayabang ng ating narating o pagpapakita ng kayamanang ating
naibunton. Manapa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y isang paraan ng
pagtutulungan, paglingon sa ating pinagmulan at pagtanaw ng utang na loob sa
paaralang ating pinanggalingan, sa mga gurong naghugis ng ating murang isip, at
gayundin sa bayang ating<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sinilangan.
Hindi naman kinakailangang magtapos ka sa kolehiyo upang magtagumpay sa
pamumuhay. Ilang mag-sasaka sa Batangas ang nakapagpa-aral ng kanilang mga anak
ng dahil sa mais. Mayroon pa ngang negosyanteng nagsimula<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sa limangdaang piso ang puhunan. Mayroong
mamimili ng kopra na dati ay magbobote-garapa at asin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mayroon akong kaibigan na nagtrabaho sa Saudi
na bumalik sa Pilipinas ng hindi rin naman gaanong nakapag-tipon ng salapi.
Subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t ang hirap na dinanas sa Saudi ang
nagsilbing inspirasyon upang magsumikap dito sa Pilipinas. Hindi na pala
kailangan mag-Saudi kung may pagsisikap para umunlad. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maaari ko bang sabihin ngayon na
kung kaya nila, kaya mo rin, kaya natin </i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to?</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sa pag-uwi ko sa
aming bayan, dito ko muling nabigyan ng pag-tingin ang kalagayan ng aking
bayan. OO, nga at masasabing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first class
municipality</i> na ang bayan ng Lopez subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t masasabi ba
nating <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first class</i> na rin ang mga
naninirahan dito? Alam natin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na
mabibilang sa daliri ng ating kamay at paa ang mga barangay na naaabot ng
kalsada sa bayang ito sa kabila ng halos isandaan (100) ang barangay sa bayan
ng Lopez (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sa ngayon,2013, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ay mas marami ng barangay ang nararating ng
kalsada.</i>) Kaya lamang naging <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first
class municipality </i>ang Lopez ay dahil na rin sa laki ng sukat ng bayang ito
at sabi nila dahil na rin sa malaking kitang iniaambag ng pabrika ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine Flour Mills</i> na matatagpuan sa
Hondagua. Ano nga bang mga industriya ang makikita sa Lopez, Quezon? Sa
pagsasaka ng niyog at palay pa rin umaasa ang mga taga-Lopez. Ang alam ko,
maraming <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coco lumber</i> ang nanggagaling
dito, lalo na noong matapos ang bagyong Rosing na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nagbuwal ng may kalahating milyong puno ng
niyog. Sa pagdaan ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Nino</i> nitong
1998, lalong nahirapan ang mga magniniyog dahil naapektuhan ang pagbunga ng
niyog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medyo mahal ang presyo ng lukad
ngunit wala namang niyog na maaani ang mga magsasaka. Kaya nga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t patuloy pa rin
ang pagpuputol ng niyog, gayundin ng iba pang punong nasa niyugan katulad ng
mga puno ng batino, ilang-ilang, pili, at iba pang bungangkahoy katulad ng
santol, mangga at sampalok upang magkaroon ng panandaliang kita at may maibili
ng makakain. Nakalulungkot isipin na ang mga punong ito ay itinanim o</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> di kaya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y hindi pinutol
ng mga ninuno at pinangalagaan upang pakinabangan ng kanilang mga inapo sa mas
mahabang panahon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pinutol nga ang mga
niyog, ang mga puno subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t higit na
nakakalungkot nito ay wala tayong makitang kapalit na punong itinatanim. Hindi
ba dapat na magtanim tayo ngayon ng mga punong ito upang may pakinabangan rin
ang ating mga anak at inapo?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pagmasdan
natin ang mga kabundukan sa Sierra Madre sa dakong Laguna at Quezon. Hindi ba</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t mag-iisip ka
rin na kung hindi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tinamnan ng niyog ang
mga kabundukang ito ng ating mga ninuno, maaring ito ay nanatiling kalbo
katulad ng mga kabundukan sa may parteng Rizal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kinakailangan ngang buhayin natin ang pagpapahalaga sa mga kalupaang ito
upang maitaguyod natin ang likas-kayang pag-unlad para sa susunod na
saling-lahi. Kung nagawa nga ng ating mga ninuno na magtanim ng niyog noon
bakit hindi natin makakaya ngayon. Kung kaya nga ng mga taga-Laguna na magtanim
ng Lanzones noon, bakit hindi makakaya ng taga-Quezon na magtanim ng iba pang
mga bunga at punong-kahoy? Sabi nga ni dating Administrator Escueta ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine Coconut Authority</i>, sa
pamagitan ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maunlad na Niyugan</i> ,
maaaring kumita ang may niyugan ng P100,000 bawa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t ektarya sa
isang taon. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aba</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y kung kaya nila, kaya mo rin, kaya natin </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bandang hapon,
matapos ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reunion</i> namin, isang
pinsan ko ang nagsadya sa akin upang makipagkumustahan. Napadako kami sa ilang
mga kaganapan sa Lopez. Nabanggit niya ang tungkol sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmers Field School (FFS)</i> na isinagawa ng Pambayang Opisina ng
Pagsasaka.Hindi lamang ito ginagawa sa bayan ng Lopez. Ito ay isinasagawa sa
halos lahat ng bayan na may programa sa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>palayan, maisan at gulayan. Dito ay sinasanay ang mga magsasaka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ng palay tungkol sa mga makabagong pamamaraan
sa pagpapalayan na hindi nakadepende lamang sa inorganikong pataba at mga
pestisidyo kundi nagbibigay halaga sa kakayahang magkaroon ng sariling
pagtuklas ng mga magsasaka. Itinataguyod dito ang konsepto ng magsasaka-syentista
kung saan ay iginigiya ang mga magsasaka upang matutong mag-aral, mag-suri at
magsaliksik. Sa gawaing ito, hindi lamang ang mga magsasaka ang natututo kundi
maging ang mga teknisyan rin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maging ang
mga lokal na pamahalaan ay nagbibigay ng kanilang ambag dito. Sa aking
napuntahang isang bayan sa Batangas, nabanggit sa akin ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Municipal Agriculturist</i> na ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agricultural
Training Institute </i>(ATI) na siyang nagtataguyod ng ganitong programa ay
nagbibigay lamang ng P 3,000 bilang suporta sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Field Day</i> at pagtatapos ng pagsasanay. Bawat linggo ay may
kalahating araw na inilaan para sa pagsasanay at mayroon din silang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on-farm trial</i> na inoobserbahan. Sa loob
ng 16 na linggong pagsasanay, ang mga gastusin ay sinagot ng lokal na
pamahalaan, na nagkakahalaga ng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P
16,000. Samantalang sa bayan ng Lopez, itinanong ko sa kay pinsan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kung mayroong naiambag ang lokal na
pamahalan. Hindi niya masigurado kung may naitulong ang lokal na pamahalaan
subalit sinabi niya na ang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mga opisyales
ng bayan na nangako ng suporta sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">field
trip</i> na isinagawa ng mga kalahok na magsasaka sa FFS upang magmasid sa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PhilRice</b>
ay hindi nakatupad. Mabuti pa ang ilang mga magsasaka na nagbigay ng kanilang
ambag upang maisakatuparan ang pagpunta sa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PhilRice</b>
sa Nueva Ecija. Sabi ko nga kay pinsan, kung kaya ninyo bakit nga ba kailangan
pang umasa sa mga politiko? Pero bakit nga ba? Hindi ba dapat rin namang
magbigay sila ng suporta sa magsasaka, lalo pa nga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t kung ito ay
para sa kanilang ikabubuti? May mga lokal na pamahalaan na mahusay ang suporta
sa pagpapaunlad ng pagsasaka katulad ng sa Rosario, Batangas at sa Dolores,
Quezon. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hindi ba puede rin nating
sabihin sa ating mga lokal na pamahalan, kung kaya nila, kaya mo rin, kaya
natin </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to!</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hindi sa ganon lang
napunta ang aming usapan. May kasunod na sumbat ang isinumbong sa akin ni
pinsan. Sabi ni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kabayan, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">mayroon namang
mga taga-Lopez na nasa</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UP Los Banos
at sa Department of Agriculture</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">na
dapat ay makatutulong sa atin ay bakit parang kinakalimutan na yata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ang Lopez</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">”</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Aba</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y isa ako doon sa
taga-UPLB. Mayroon ding taga-Lopez na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deputy Director ng Biotech (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ngayon
siya na ang Director</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">), naging Director ng dating Institute of
Forest Conservation at may mga instructor sa Institute of Physics at College of
Forestry. Samantala, mayroon ring taga-Lopez na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>researcher sa PhilRice, at may Director sa mismong Department of
Agriculture. Totoo rin naman ang sinabi ni Kabayan. Subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t hindi naman
ganoon namin nakalimutan ang Lopez. Kaya nga lamang ay napakadalang nga ng
aming tulong na naibibigay at iyon ay kung nagkakaroon lamang ng mga seminar.
Sa totoo lamang, nagagawa namin ang tumulong sa pagpapaunlad ng ibang pamayanan
kung saan kami ay nadidistino, nguni</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t bakit nga ba sa
sariling bayan, ito</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y hindi gampanan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kailangan ngang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makabalangkas ng isang programa na si pinsan,
si kabayan, tayong lahat ay magkaka-ugnay para pagpapaunlad ng ating pamayanan.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aba</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">y
kung kaya nila, kaya mo rin, kaya natin </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to,
Kabayan!</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nito namang
linggo pagkaraan ng Mahal na Araw, nagbiyahe ang aming grupo sa ilang bayan ng
Batangas at Quezon upang makipag-ugnayan sa mga lokal na pamahalaan tungkol sa
pagpapaunlad ng lokal na agrikultura. Sa biyahe ngang ito ko nakatagpo ang
ating kaibigan, utangan at sumbungang si Ginoong Paul Manalo. Sa Padre Garcia,
Batangas pa kami nagka-krus ng landas. Palagi siyang nadadaan ng Los Banos
nguni</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t palaging lampas papuntang San Pablo at
hindi man lamang magkaroon ng pagkakataong maka-silip sa kanyang mga apo sa Los
Banos. Abalang-abala sa kanyang paglilingkod sa madla. Nabanggit ko ang isang
panukala at ito ay nabanggit ko na rin sa Bise-alkalde at ilang kagawad ng
Sampaloc, Quezon gayundin sa alkalde ng Moncada, Tarlac. Nais rin ng aking
opisina, ang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Farming Systems and Soil
Resources Institute</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ngayon ay
Agricultural Systems Institute</i>) na ito ay maitaguyod at maipatupad. Ang
panukalang ito ay ang pagsasabatas ng paglalaan ng pondo para sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Local Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Development </i>(LAFFD) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fund</i>. Layunin
ng pondong ito na suportahan ang lokal na pagpapaunlad ng agrikultura,
pangisdaan at gubatan sa mga bayan at lalawigan. Sinasabi ng batas na dapat
maglaan ang lokal na pamahalaan ( bayan at lalawigan) ng pondo para sa
pag-papaunlad. Subali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t alam ng
nakararami na ang mga pamayanang higit na nangangailangan ng pag-unlad ay ang
mga pamayanang walang sapat na pondo para rito at pangkaraniwan ng ang mga
pamayanang ito ay nakabase ang kabuhayan sa agrikultura o pangisdaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at hindi sa industriya. Bakit nga ba? Dahil
ang pondo ng lokal na pamahalaan sa pagpapa-unlad ay nakadepende sa kabahagi
nito sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Internal Revenue Allotment </i>(IRA)
na nakabase naman sa dami ng populasyon. Kaya ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">urbanized municipalities </i>na mas marami ang mga mamamayan ang higit
na malaki ang IRA kaysa sa mga<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
agriculture and fishery-based municipalities</i>. Sa halip na kumipot ang agwat
ng antas ng pag-unlad sa mga pamayanang ito, lalong naiiwanan ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agriculture and fishery-based municipalities</i>.
Katulad nga sa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laguna, mas malaki ang
suweldo ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agricultural technician </i>sa
parteng Binan, Sta. Rosa at Cabuyao kung saan ay maliit na ang sukat ng sakahan
kaysa sa mga teknisyan sa Sta. Maria, Mabitac, Magdalena at iba pang bayan sa
silangang parte ng Laguna na mas malawak ang sakahan. Ang LAFFD <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fund</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ay maaring ilaan sa mga lokal na pamahalaang panlalawigan at pambayan
ayon sa lawak ng lupaing agrikultura, gubatan at pangisdaan. Sa gayon, ito ang
magbibigay ng daan upang makahabol sa pag-unlad ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agriculture and fishery-based municipalities</i>. Malaking bagay ang
maitutulong nito sa problema ng mga syudad sapagkat hindi na kinakailangang
lumuwas pa ang mga tao sa kanayunan upang umunlad ang kabuhayan. Ang pag-unlad
ay makukuha mo na rin sa kanayunan kung saan ay may katiwasayan at malayo sa
kaguluhan ng mga lungsod. Marahil, ito rin ang isa sa dapat pag-aralan ng
kagalang-galang na Edgardo Angara (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ngayon
ay Secretary Proceso Alcala, taga-Quezon</i>), ang sinasabing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>susunod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>na sekretaryo ng DA, sapagka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t paano nga ba
ang modernisasyon ng agrikultura at pangisdaan kung walang suporta sa lokal na
pagpapaunlad nito.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panawagan na rin kay
Senador Pimentel sapagka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">t ito ang isa sa
dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bigyan ng pansin na hindi ninyo
naisangkap sa Local Government Code. Kaya marahil maraming teknisyan sa
agrikultura ang nangampanya para hindi ka manalo noong madagdag-bawas ka.
Sariwa pa sa kanila noon ang sakit sa puso ng debulosyon. Mapalad ka nitong
nakaraang eleksyon dahil naghilom na ang sugat nila. Sa palagay kaya ng
mga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congressman natin , kaya natin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to? Sabi ni
Ginoong Paul Manalo, dapat kayanin natin. Hindi lang balita, dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deretso
</i>na </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "WP TypographicSymbols"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to!</span></div>
MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-54624905795888145652006-12-05T09:53:00.001-08:002006-12-05T10:05:54.231-08:00Agrobiodiversity in Agroforestry – Harmonizing Agriculture and Biodiversity<strong>Agrobiodiversity in Agroforestry – Harmonizing Agriculture and Biodiversity</strong><a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a><br />Virgilio T. Villancio<a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a> and Roselyn Paelmo<a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">[3]</a><br /><br /><strong>BACKGROUND</strong><br />T<br />he Philippines has 30 million hectares and a home for “about 13,500 plants species (5% of the world flora), 1,090 vertebrate species (45% are endemic to the country) and more than 23,000 invertebrates species were recorded in the Philippine forest (UNEP and DER, 1997). However, various unsustainable activities are threatening the high biodiversity of Philippine forests and numbers of species are in threat lists. Among the threats to Philippine biodiversity identified are the over-exploitation of our forest resources and habitat destruction through commercial logging, land use conversion, and development aggression ( such as mining, energy and infrastructure projects, big dams, etc.). As of 2002, Only about 800,000 hectares were reported to be under the natural forest and about 5 million hectares under residual forests. About 9 million hectares of forest lands are currently settled by as much as about 25 million people. There are extensive migrations of farmers from the lowland to the uplands in search for livelihood and land speculation purposes. Further intrusion to the natural forest has to be averted. There are residual forest remnants of commercial logging operations but these also has to be protected from poachers to allow natural regeneration. There are limited efforts to reforest and establish forest plantations in public and private lands but are not extensive enough to replace the rapid deforestation that took place.<br /><br />Among agricultural areas, there are about three (3) million hectares under rice-based farming systems and another three (3) million hectares in the corn-based farming systems. The recent estimate of the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) reported about four (4) million hectares under coconut-based farming systems. Farmers used to maintain a large number of crops varieties and animal breeds on-farm. Crops and animals were produced on-farm for food, feed, fiber, fuel, shelter, fertilizer and medicine. In trying to maximize productivity and profitability, agriculture specialized on few crops and animals. The changing consumption pattern also affected the agricultural systems form diversified to more specialized system. In the Philippines for example, rice has been the dominant specie in lowland agriculture while corn, coconut and sugar cane were planted in the upland areas. For rice, the diversity of cultivars being grown also diminished with the advent of the green revolution with the high yielding varieties which have common parental source dominating the lowland agriculture landscape. The genetic homogeneity of rice cultivars grown resulted to vulnerability to pests, diseases, drought, flooding and other stresses. The traditional diversified agriculture which primarily caters to the needs of farm households gave way to market oriented monoculture farming. This in a way accelerated genetic erosion and loss of biodiversity.<br /><br />The prevalent poverty and social problems in the upland and its relationship to increasing biodiversity losses are also of equal importance. The pressure placed upon our biodiversity resources and other components of our natural resources by the expanding populations and economic development results to its degradation thus limiting its capability to provide livelihood not only for the people in the upland but the lowland areas as well. It is recognized that the sustainability of agriculture in the lowlands are heavily dependent on the management of the uplands, water being a major productivity determinant. In the same manner, the gradual influx of migrants to the uplands also threatened the remaining forest (only about 800,000 hectares remaining as of 2003). Forest residuals and regeneration are also being logged even with the existing logging ban. The deterioration of the watersheds reduced the water storage and flow potentials thus even in areas that are previously fully irrigated experienced drought during the dry season. Major irrigation dams have reduced storage life due to siltation caused by soil erosion from unprotected uplands. The recent calamities caused by floods and landslides are examples of disasters that may occur due to limited concerns given to the management of the Philippine uplands particularly those in the sloping lands.<br /><br />The situation is not hopeless. We can do something to avert the situation. Stakeholders can work together and restore the uplands in two fronts: reforestation in the public lands and critical watersheds, and agroforestation in the buffer zones and private lands. Beside its employment, productivity and income implication, Agroforestry has an important role to play in the restoration of the watershed and biodiversity function of the uplands. Agroforestry will enhance capacity of the uplands to provide the basic amenities such as food, fiber, fuel, fodder, medicines and water for household, agriculture, industry and power generation. Floods, landslides and other associated hazards will be reduced if not abated. While the biodiversity of the natural forests can not be attained, the diverse floral and faunal composition as more species are being domesticated in agroforestry provides a venue where agriculture and biodiversity are harmonized.<br /><br /><strong>AGROFORESTRY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY</strong><br /><br />Agroforestry is defined as “the science, art and practice that deals with the production, management and utilization of woody perennials in combination with other agricultural crops, animals, aquatic and/or other resources either zonally, mixed simultaneously or sequentially for the twin purpose of conservation and socio-economic productivity” (UAP, 1992). Agroforestry combines woody perennial crops and short duration agricultural crops grown simultaneously or sequentially in the farm. It is also referred to as a system of growing trees on farm. Agrobiodiversity is one important services promoted in agroforestry.<br />Agrobiodiversity had been defined and described in various ways. Agrobiodiversity is also known as agricultural biodiversity. Swaminathan, (1996) defined agrobiodiversity as the genetic variability in plants, animals and micro-organisms of economic value. CIP-UPWARD (2003) defined agrobiodiversity as “a part of biodiversity linked to agricultural production in a broad sense, including food production (e.g. crops, aquatic species, and livestock), livelihood sustenance (e.g. raw materials, medicinal plants, animals for transport) and habitat conservation of agroecosystem.”<br /><br />Vernooy (2003) viewed agrobiodiversity as a broad concept that includes a variety of biological diversity components -- from agricultural ecosystems, to crop varieties, to genes in plant and animal species. It is generally regarded as biodiversity in an agricultural context and described as the “variety and variability amongst living organisms (of animals, plants, and microorganisms) that are important to food and agriculture and associated with cultivating crops and rearing animals and the ecological complexes of which they form a part.” Agrobiodiversity supports and protects human lives, it provides continued inputs for evolution; it increases the productive capacity of ecosystems. Improvement in agrobiodiversity improves the resilience of the system and its capacity to deal with change. This provides more options for communities to manage their land and resources. The opportunities for the creation and re-creation of knowledge and experimentation -- the very processes that are essential for agrobiodiversity conservation, evolution, and improvement -- are enhanced.<br /><br />Agrobiodiversity is the result of the anthromorphic interaction between “humans, natural ecosystems and the species that they contain” thus include in it not just the product of environment and natural process but the social, cultural, political and economic influences as well. Adaptation, modifications or transformations within the agroecosystems happens as a result of the matching of new technologies and other interventions in the natural and agricultural systems through a series of adjustments being made on the technical, bio-physical, socio-economic, cultural and other variables at various levels – plot, farm, household, community, landscape. <br /><br />There are several authors that consider agrobiodiversity as not just a subset of biodiversity but rather an extension of it. While it may be lacking of a lot of characteristics of natural biodiversity, “it can fulfill range of societal values that native biodiversity does not" (Angermeier 1994). “Agrobiodiversity includes all those species and the crop varieties, animal breeds and races, and microorganism strains derived from them, that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture, both as human nutrition and as feed (including grazing) for domesticated and semi-domesticated animals, and the range of environments in which agriculture is practiced. It also includes habitats and species outside of farming systems that benefit agriculture and enhance ecosystem functions. “<br /><br />The components of Agrobiodiversity can be considered at three main levels—those of ecological diversity, organismal diversity, and genetic diversity (Heywood 1995)- and covers a whole range of variables that are important in agriculture and forestry (Table 2). Agroecological diversity deals with the macro aspect of biodiversity from the species, plot, farm to landscape and ecosystems level. The analysis of the Philippine team to the adaptation of the lecture ASB Syllabus (Baguinon, 2004), which segregate the natural ecosystem (P) from agroecosystem (Q). The Philippine land area being constant (about 30,000 hectares) are divided into these broad category of land use. As the area under Q gradually increase then P will also decrease. Given the monocropping nature of Q, the loss of habitat would then results to gradual loss of natural biodiversity.<br /><br />Agroforestry systems are practiced at various levels- plots, farm, and landscape. Agroforest gardens integrate leguminous trees and vegetables, fuel wood, fodder, and animals in the backyard and homestead. On farm, there are agroforestry systems that integrate at least five crops, three trees, and several animals. The Institute of Agroforestry documented about fifty cases of farmers successfully practicing agroforestry.<br /><br /><br /><a name="trends2"></a><strong>THREATS TO AGROBIODIVERSITY</strong><br /><br />The loss of agrobiodiversity in the lowland and upland agricultural systems were noted (UNEP and DENR, 1997) to be characterized by loss of variability in crops grown with the massive loss of traditional crops and cultivars, narrow biodiversity in the farmers filed and the lost of access to and control over seeds and germplasm. The massive loss in crop biodiversity is attributed to the monocropping and monovariety (HYVs) of agriculture particularly with the advent of the green revolution. Monocropping is basically promoted by the consumer- and export oriented agricultural systems which general favor the marketed commodities. The commodity oriented programs on rice, corn, sugar cane, coconut and selected high value crops are examples of this orientation.<br /><br />In the 1980s, the introduction of hybrid seeds in corn and recently in rice resulted to increasing control of the big multinational private corporations to agrobiodiversity. The intellectual property rights are controlled by private research organizations which are also sponsored by these big corporations. The use of hybrid seeds are also keep the access to and control of germplasm and seeds resources away from the farm to private enterprises. This dependence are expanded to other production inputs as well.<br /><br />The introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was alleged to be contaminating biodiversity. The introduction of Bt corn in the Philippines was met with opposition among the civil society on that grounds as well us the uncertainty of its impact on human and the environment. Among the objections on the commercialization of Bt corn in the Philippines as follows:<br />1. There is a possibility of irreversible contamination of non-genetically engineered seeds and crops as a result of cross-pollination. Anti-Bt Corn advocates forward the possibility that cross-pollination’s between Bt Corn and native open pollinated varieties (OPV) will lead to contamination of the Bt toxin gene and this will be passed on to subsequent generations. This problem, however, can be avoided by planting Bt corn varieties 21-25 days before or after the native or non-Bt varieties to avoid tasselling at the same time thus no cross pollination will happen.<br />2. The Bt corn may affect human and animals. A NORWEGIAN scientist was reported to have conducted an independent research on the effects of transgenic crops in the Philippines and claimed to have detected increased levels of three antibodies from the blood sample of se­veral members of B’laan tribe living near a Bt corn farm in South Cotabato province. However, local health authorities also refute this claim as the cause could have been of pesticide rather than the pollen of Bt corn.<br />3. Corn borer in the Philippines can already be managed using various integrated pest management approaches such as the use of trichogramma, proper timing of planting, and detasselling thus there is no need for Bt corn to be promoted.<br />4. With widespread planting, the corn borer may easily develop resistance from Bt Corn. There were reports about the development of insect resistance particularly to chemical pesticides thus may also apply for Bt corn.<br />5. Farmers become dependent on the seed companies producing the seeds. Seeds are also promoted to work best with other input such as herbicide, which is also produced by the same seed producer. Thus with tight linkages of those inputs with each other to attain desired yield may develop dependence of farmers from the company.<br /><br />Apart from these, the introduction of exotic species affected agrobiodiversity and the ability of the species to withstand local conditions. In the case of the Leucaena hybrid that was introduced of the Philippines in the 1980s which had been promoted in various agroforestry endeavor for soil conservation and amelioration as well as in integrating livestock to the farming systems. A leguminous tree with high protein content, the leaves are excellent feed ingredients for livestock and fertilizer materials in the uplands. The trees were planted all over the Philippines and dominated its landscape until such time that it was attacked by Phsylid in the late 1980s to the extent that it is almost wiped out. The Philippines have a wide experience in this regards with Golden apple snail, Thailand mudfish, tilapia, Swietennia macrophylla, Gmelina arborea, and many other dominant exotic floral and faunal species displacing local species.<br /><br /><strong>CHALLENGES AHEAD<br /></strong><br /><div align="left">While there are threats to agrobiodiversity, there are also some trends favoring the promotion of agrobiodiversity in agroforestry in the Philippines as follows: <br />Moves towards sustainable agriculture. Attempts to develop sustainable agricultural production in such a way that its negative impacts on natural biodiversity are minimized. Integration of organic farming in agriculture does only favor the crops but the soil biodiversity as well.<br /><br /><strong>Domestication.</strong> Cultivating a greater diversity of crops and the domestication of new species are recognized as a way of promoting agricultural sustainability. The need to survey and inventory those plant and animal resources that may be used in agricultural development is imperative as this will led to the domestication of several wild species and reduce the pressure from harvesting in the forest. The diversity of wild and semi-domesticated species play significant role in food and livelihood security of farm households and their potential for further development and wider use.<br /><br /><strong>Bioregional perspective.</strong> Adoption of a broader perspective of agriculture as an element within a broader panorama of bioregional and landscape development. The concept of the sustainable development unit (SDU) and delineating biodiversity corridor provides a framework where agroforestry can provide the link and fill up the gaps.<br /><br /><strong>Genetic resource conservation.</strong> With the very narrow diversity maintained in agriculture, there is a need to broaden the genetic basis of crops and animals. Efforts to conserve genetic resources both in situ and ex situ are being intensified.<br /><br /><strong>Mobilizing stakeholders.</strong> There are various NGOs focusing on increasing and maintaining agrobiodiversity in farmer’s fields as well as strengthening farmer’s management system of plant genetic resources through community empowerment and actions. Indigenous people are also empowered to conserve and protect biodiversity. The importance of on-farm management of crop genetic diversity in the form of land races and the need to manage and enhance these are also recognized.<br /><br /><strong>Importance of biodiversity in natural ecosystems.</strong> Recognition of the fact that natural and semi-natural ecosystems contain wild plant species, races, and populations that are of importance for food and agriculture, such as wild relatives of crops, are important sources of material for agroforestry, habitat restoration, and reforestation, and species that are wild harvested and contribute to farm household incomes.<br /><br /><strong>Importance of traditional knowledge</strong>. Recognition of the importance of traditional knowledge about agricultural practices and individual species and the need to record and conserve this knowledge.<br /><br /><strong>Reducing the impact of biotechnology and GM crops</strong>. Recognition of the need to assess the effects of biotechnology on agriculture, the need to review mechanisms by which GM crops could be monitored, and impacts on Intellectual property rights.<br /> </div><div align="center"><br /><strong>REFERENCES</strong></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><br />CIP-UPWARD. 2003. Conservation and Sustainable use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Sourcebook. International Potato Center-User’s Perspectives with Agricultural research and Development. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 3 volumes.<br /></div><div align="left">DENR & UNEP (1997): Philippine biodiversity. An assessment and plan of action. Bookmark, Makati City, Philippines<br /></div><div align="left">Ignacio, J. Undated. Addressing the threats on the environment and on the people of Dingalan. Integrated Rural Development Foundation of the Philippines (IRDF)<br /></div><div align="left">Jarvis, D.I. et al. Agrobiodiversity as a Natural Resource for Sustainable Production in Agroecosystems: Examples from IPGRI's Global In situ Conservation On-Farm Programme.<br /></div><div align="left">Pelegrina , W.R.. Managing Local Agrobiodiversity Under Changing Philippine Market and Agricultural Production Systems: SeaRice Experiences, South East Asia Regional Institute for Community Education (SEARICE)<br /><br />Ravanera, O. Undated. Farmers’ & Fisherfolk’s Actions To Protect the Environment & Achieve Food Security. Center for Alternative Rural Technology (CART<br /></div><div align="left">Reid, W. and K. Miller. 1989. keeping options alive: The scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. World resources Institute, Washington DC.<br /></div><div align="left">Swaminathan, M.S. (ed). 1996. Agrobiodiversity and Farmers' Rights, xvi, 303 p.,<br /></div><div align="left">Vernooy, R. 2003. In_Focus: SEEDS THAT GIVE Participatory plant breeding. IDRC<br /></div><div align="left">Villancio, V.T. and R. Paelmo. 2004. Agrobiodiversity in Agroforestry – Harmonizing Agriculture and Natural Resources Management in Southern Sierra Madre. Paper presented during the Sierra Madre Stakeholders’ Consultative Workshop, Las Brisas, Antipolo City, 2-3 September 2004<br /><br /><a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Paper presented during a Workshop on “Harmonious co-existence of Agriculture and biodiversity, Tokyo, 20-22 October 2004.<br /><a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">[2]</a> Chair, Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network; and Manager, UP Land Grant Management Office, UPLB, College, Laguna<br /><a title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://beta.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6130239593746959061#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">[3]</a> University Research Associate, Institute of Agroforestry, CFNR, UPLB, College, Laguna</div><div align="left"> </div>MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com58tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-69871684286457869712006-12-05T09:53:00.000-08:002006-12-05T09:55:40.368-08:00ON EL NINO IMPACTS AND COPING STRATEGIES: ISABELA EXPERIENCEON EL NINO IMPACTS AND COPING STRATEGIES: ISABELA EXPERIENCE<br /><br />Virgilio T. Villancio<br /><br /><br /> The impact of El Nino on the productivity of rice and corn were clearly stated by the speaker. The trend in rice and corn production showed decline during the El Nino period compared to every previous year production. One thing that caught my attention is the ability of production to bounce back to its supposedly normal production period hence showing an upward trend in production despite the El Nino disturbances. This is primarily due to the increase in area harvested during normal years particularly during the January-June harvest. With this observation, I started looking at the possible inconsistencies between the reported occurrences of El Nino in the Province of Isabela (Table 3) and the comparison of palay production during the normal and El Nino years (Table 4). Year 1998 was one of the severely felt El Nino year which was not mentioned in Table 3 but table 4 did show a decline in production by as much as 36 percent compared to 1997 production. The same trend was shown in corn production. Of course the mixed trends in production could not solely be attributed to El Nino since the province is also frequently visited by typhoon which partially explains why there are lower productions during July-December in some years. With this, I agree that improving our databases, is necessary in designing and implementing strategies to cope up and lessen the impact of El Nino.<br /> Yes, there are production decline in rice and corn production and these involved more than 100,000 farm households. I would like to know how they were affected by El Nino and how did it impact on there lives. I do not have personal experience on how rice farmers able to cope with El Nino and thereafter. My personal knowledge about one of our farmer in Laguna whose crop was completely damaged by typhoon can probably illustrate how it is. Production may be able to bounce back the next normal season but the farm households still have to bear the impact of the aftermath of the disaster. This farmer able to pay the losses he incurred as a result of the typhoon damage for almost four seasons. It is good that he still able to pay. He needed four good seasons to make up for a bad season. The same experience is true in the case of the coconut farmers, whose nut production were drastically reduced after a drought year and take at least two years before production recovers. With this, I would like to emphasize that if the farm households are the one who received the worst impact, then we have to understand how they are coping with it and then design with them strategies to be prepared and ready with El Nino.<br /> The initiatives of the local governments at the provincial and municipal level are commendable. Every government instrumentalities are mobilized due to impending disaster as El Nino. I could also appreciate the limitation they have in meeting the problems associated with it such as the lack of funds, deficiency of databases, and short term and ad hoc nature of various interventions made.<br /> Let us take a look at the trend in area harvested to rice, which showed a great decline from 1992 1993 until 1998 and then an increasing trend since 1999. I do not what happened in 1999, but I would like to believe that efforts were made to expand rice areas to where it is in 1992. I have to speculate that some irrigation systems should have been rehabilitated or that the shallow tube well, which were distributed after the El Nino in 1998 should have been in operation (Table 7). What I want to point out is that to mitigate the impact of El Nino, we do not have to look at it as a disaster but something that could be internalized into our planning horizon. Intervention will not only be on the construction or rehabilitation of irrigation system but should also be in making sure that watershed are rehabilitated and protected. Water is not just stored in dams but also in the mountains. Watershed management strategies may not have been viewed in the paper as an important strategy to mitigate the impact of El Nino, but the LGUs of Isabela have a significant contribution in this regard.<br /> I agree with the recommendation to identify drought vulnerable areas and develop long term strategies to address problems before it comes. These strategies can be categorized into two: escaping from El Nino and living with El Nino. In areas where it is possible to provide water then we can escape from El Nino by providing irrigation systems, water pumps, small farm reservoir and other water providing strategies.<br />On the other hand, in areas where you could not escape, then live with it. The early warning system in 1998 saved a lot of losses. In Pangasinan, planting corn after rice instead of another rice as early as October resulted to higher yield of corn. This was the period when a farmer in Moncada, Tarlac able to get a yield of 9 MT per hectare using IPB 911. However, those who did not make use of the information and planted late suffered losses.<br />In the upland areas which are the most vulnerable, crop diversification also save the day. Root crops, which abound in Isabela (171 percent sufficiency), can be food alternatives. I remember there were days when we have to eat cassava, Yautia, banana, and even arrow root to substitute with rice. In some municipalities of Quezon Province, trees under coconut were harvested and sold for timber or fuel and the proceeds were used to buy foods. This showed my bias in agroforestry as a land use strategy in the uplands. You, may plant crops, raise animals and fish, and grow trees, to satisfy the household needs to be food secured.<br /> Maybe we can escape from El Nino but not always. We have to live with it. El Nino is not just affecting rice and corn. It affects people lives. Those who can not escape into the wrath of El Nino and not able to live with it remains in poverty. Those in the northwestern Luzon, who had been exposed to distinct wet and dry period seems to have lived with it. We have to learn from their experiences and live with it.<br /> These will have implication on how we view El Nino. We will not need calamity funds but regular funds. El Nino is becoming a regular occurrence and there are available technologies and strategies to mitigate its impact on people. Government can help but still more effort should also come from the people themselves. We have to provide them the means and environment to prepare themselves and not be caught napping by El Nino but rather live with it. I agree, Isabela is just starting. There are more things that can be done to cope with El nino. This, I believe, Isabela can again be number 1.<br /><br />_____________________<br />Discussion made on the paper of Tumamao, D.B. El Nino Impacts and Coping Strategies: Isabela Experience. Presented during the In-country Seminar on El Nino, February 7, 2003 at BSWM Conference Hall, SRDC, BSWM, Diliman, Quezon City.MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-90864778838280351092006-12-05T09:36:00.000-08:002006-12-05T09:41:30.240-08:00HARMONIZING TOURISM AND AGRICULTURE<strong>HARMONIZING TOURISM AND AGRICULTURE</strong><br /><br />Virgilio T. Villancio<br /><br />You just came to Baguio, last Friday evening and you have the taste of the city at night. You went around the city early Saturday- PMA, Mines View Park, Camp John Hay, Wright Park, etc and you have the best time when you watched the flower festival. Despite the elbow to elbow situation, you enjoy the float and the colorful sight. Last Sunday, I saw you picking strawberries at La Trinidad, Benguet then you are picking roses at Bahong at 10:00. You are talking with the Manager of the Flower Producer cooperative just after visiting their Chrysanthemum farm below the slopes. Well, that is a smaller version of the things that you have seen at King Louie Flower Farm. Oh, at least, now you know that you need not be as sophisticated as the King Louie Farm. The story of that Lady coop manager can tell you that you can start small and make business. As you are going back to Baguio City, you stopped by a cabbage farm and start to wonder how the cabbage head is formed. You were informed by the farmer that if you want to buy cheaper vegetable, be sure to be at the La Trinidad Trading post early in the morning the next day before you go back to Los Banos. You stopped by at the Benguet State University to buy peanut brittle, strawberry jam, ube, and other products. At the end of the day you have a lot of everything in your van from potatoes to carrots not only for yourself but for your friends, neighbors and most especially for your mother-in-law. Are you satisfied? I bet you are looking forward of coming back for the next year Panagbenga Festival. Maybe you will try Atok and Buguias. Meantime, it is time to work back home.<br /><br />Last year, you were at the world famous Banaue Rice Terraces. Have you ever wondered how those rice fields were carved out in the mountains? Have you ever imagined how the farmers were going up and down the slope in their search for livelihood as they prepare the land, plant rice, irrigate the fields, harvest, and process the rice into something that they could eat and into wine that they could drink? Do you know the rituals associated into each of those activities or the importance of rice wine in the culture of the highlands? This information you will not know if you are just an ordinary tourist who just make use of your faculty of sight to appreciate things and leisure to enjoy. A present day tourist go to places not just to visit but to learn, not just to eat but to savor, not just to experience but to be educated, not to be a stranger but to belong. My experience told me, tourism and agriculture can do exist in harmony.<br /><br /><strong>TOURISM AS EXPERIENCED</strong><br /><br />My first impression about what tourism refers to is “travelling for pleasure, going to places, an outing for more than a day, getting away from work”. My personal experience as a local tourist is getting away for a week with my family. However, we are not the usual tourists who goes to places for pleasure but to experience what are beyond our home and our community. I toured around the Philippines as a development worker with my work at the Department of Agriculture and at UPLB. I traveled into several corners and pockets of the country and these experiences I want to share with my family.<br /><br />The first time we went into was a week trip to Baguio City in 1997. A middle income earner with ample savings for a four-day trip, we rented a van and brought with us a part of our home- ie. kitchen and the bedroom- and made the places we visited as our living room. We have been to Manila for some shopping thus the kids were not that excited but rather sleeping when we traversed EDSA. They woke up when we passed by the longest bridge connecting Bulacan and Pampanga- the viaduct. I have some little information about the area and talk to them about the Candaba swamp and how it is planted to rice during the rainy season or get flooded when the typhoon comes. During the dry season, you can see rice and water melons. We have our breakfast at Pulilan, just after getting out of the North Expressway. We parked by the roadside and took out our packed meals. I could just tell them about the “knelling carabao”.<br /><br />We intentionally by-passed Clark Air Base because that will be our itinerary when we are going back home. The sight of Lahar before the Bamban Bridge was enough to show them what is Lahar and the damage it has done to people and property. We stopped for a merienda at the Capas Shrine. I told them about the Death March and my kids contributed what they learned in their Sibika class. I just have to tell them we are passing by Hacienda Luisita. How I wish I could bring them to see the Sugar Central, where they could see how sugar are planted, harvested, milled, refined, and bagged. Well, I may also have to tell them about the fate of the sacadas.<br /><br />We met a little traffic at Carmen Rosales, Pangasinan and a peddler offered “tupig” and I bought a bunch for my kids to taste. As we go along to Pangasinan, we passed by a feed mill in Villasis. What are inside the feed mill but dusts. But are we interested on how it works? Well, we did not go inside but I have to tell my family how it is in Pangasinan during summer. You can see corn, tobacco, mungbean, tomato and eggplant in the fields. On the roadside, shops are selling Bagoong, garlic, onions, mangoes, and Singkamas where travelers from Baguio stop and buy. We again stopped by the roadside in Sison, Pangasinan and look for a shade under a Mango tree to take our lunch. We have Chicken Adobo and fried Tilapia in our stocks. We really have fun sitting in a mat at a picnic mood while savoring the taste of my wife cookings.<br /><br />After lunch, we traversed the way to Marcos Highway, saw the Marcos Bust, stopped by the view deck, and reached La Trinidad, Benguet before sundown. We stayed at the UPLB Guest House near Benguet State University. The next day, we have just done what you have experienced. On the way home, we passed by the Duty Free Shop at Clark.<br />Since then, we set aside a one week per year vacation to go around. We went to Cebu in 1997 and able to go to Bohol and Leyte but failed to have a trip to Dumaguete. In 1998, we planned to go to Davao-GenSan route but settled for Quezon Pahiyas instead and went for Banaue-sagada in 1999. In 2000, we did not go to other places but settled for a thanksgiving treat for our families and friends in a Private resort in Calamba, Laguna. My family and friends went to Puerto Galera in 2001.<br /><br />Last year, was a dip at del Prado Resort in Sariaya, Quezon where you could taste the sea, watch the coral beds, enjoy the freshwater swimming pool and the countryside. This is where I appreciated the effort by the local government to pave the road leading to barangay Guisguis.<br /><br />There are more destinations I want you and my family to visit. We can have the Palawan destination. One week trip to Northern Palawan is enough but you have to go back for another week to enjoy the southern part. The Bicol route is another week. Have you been to Camiguin? Include it as itinerary when you travel to Northern Mindanao. The Davao-GenSan corridor is another exciting package. You can hike Mt. Apo or Mt. Matutum. I have not been to Lake Zebu but my friends always want to go back there. Of course, we should not forget the historical Ilocandia destination. This year we are planning for a Panay-Boracay trip. Maybe we could go to zamboanga Peninsula in 2010 when the condition there settles down.<br /><br /><strong><strong>AGRICULTURE IS THERE</strong></strong><br /><br />I recognized that I had been an agrotourist all the way as I traveled from one place to another. My agriculture background and my work made me so. I also became an agrotourist guide to my family as we go along our travels. My training also prepared me to be inquisitive and start asking people about what they are doing, how are they doing it and why they are doing it. Every trip we made is education, a learning experience.<br /><br />The strawberry fields, rice terraces, flower farms, vegetable gardens, rice fields, fruit orchards, green houses, agroforests, pineapple plantations, rubber trees, oil palms, and many more are agriculture. They are quite an experience to those who have just heard and read about it. I could just tell you how happy are my kids when they picked strawberry fruits in La Trinidad and the sight of an apple tree with small fruits at the experiment station of the Bureau of Plant Industry in Guisad. My son was surprised that you do not need to put a pot on cabbage to produce heads. My daughter is excited posing for pictures in a garden of roses in Bahong.<br /><br />In most instances, however, the agriculture of it is set aside in favor of tourism. I remembered when we went to Puerto Galera and we visited the local market. My wife asked the market vendor as to where do they buy the eggplants, rice and other things they sell. She was quite surprised that almost all of what they were selling in the market was from Batangas City. The woman said that most of the people in Puerto Galera are busy in the tourism services that they are no longer interested in agriculture. Is this also happening in Banaue, Benguet, Bohol, Cebu or anywhere else that tourism industry dominate?<br /><br />You go to Banaue because of the rice terraces. However, there were limited information about it. Our trip to Banaue as a family tourist was without the benefit of a tour guide nor tourism package. However, we got some information about Banaue and the terraces in one restaurant where we took our dinner. How I hope that those information can be made available in every view deck or entrances to the rice terraces destinations like Hapao. Will you not be amazed how they made the rice terraces and the intricate irrigation system that assured the whole year round of water to the fields? Have you been told that the forest-agriculture combination made it happened? Saving the rice terraces is one concern. Have you read in the paper about the large worms damaging the terraces? A national commission was created to take charge of rehabilitation of the terraces. Will you not chip-in your ten peso bill for saving the rice terraces?<br /><br />It is not just the agriculture of it. The agriculture we would be referring to should be the appropriate one. How would you appreciate it if you see cabbage being sprayed with insecticide and fungicide every three days? Or you see, tomatoes being waxed with kerosene, or Ampalaya being dipped into a bucket of chemicals? When you go to Old kano’s Farm in Cavite or the Carandang’s Farm in Tanauan, Batangas, you will appreciate that organic farming without chemicals are possible. Try the Urban gardening showcase at Central Luzon State University (CLSU) and you will find good possibilities in your backyard.<br /><br />Have you been told that hotdogs got earthworm in it? I do not know if it is true but one thing sure is that earthworms are used to compost farm by-products. You could just imagine how the ladies got tickled when the farmer took a bunch of earthworm in a box where he is having his vermicomposting. Silk is expensive. Have you seen those who have made it? They are silkworms. It is another tickling experience putting those worms one by one in the rack where they are feed mulberry leaves, sleep and weave cocoon producing silk.<br /><br />Do not be surprise that a lot of the young today does not know or not recognize a rice plant so much so that they do not know how the food that they eat came to their tables. I participated in a one-week rice production training at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1982 as a part of a group of agricultural economist being prepared for a farming systems project. I can only just smile how my co-participants tip-toed in going down to the paddy fields and dipped their candle-like fingers into the mud while planting rice. It maybe be a sweating experience not just because of the hot sun but the idea that there might be leeches hanging on your feet the next time you get it up. They enjoyed it anyway. And the experience is told whenever we met each other as to who got soak into the mud, who got four leeches in its feet, who screams louder and so on. If you have a group in Makati who would like to experience planting rice, dehusking coconut, picking lanzones fruits, riding in a carabao, milking a goat, etc., maybe we can organize an agricamp for them.<br /><br />In going home, do not forget to buy Buko Pie. We have the best in town not just the Original Buko Pie but Letty’s, Shella’s and Collette’s buko pie and its other pie variations are recommended. When you go to Davao, I am sure you will not forget buying Durian and Mangosteen either as fresh fruits or candies. The airlines made available provision for you to check-in fresh Durian fruits from Davao. Of course, do not forget a crate of Davao Pomelo and King Mandarins. You will not bring with you bananas, since these are widely available at reasonable price. In GenSan, they already have frozen tuna for you to take home. In Cagayan de Oro City, right at the airport you can pick up roasted cashew produced from the nearby Barangay Lumbia. Guitar and boneless danggit from Cebu; peanut kisses from Bohol; Pili nuts from Albay; Tikoy from Lucban, Quezon; Moron and Binagol from Dagami, Leyte; sabutan hats from Aurora; Carabao milk pastillas from Bulacan; handicrafts from Benguet and Paete; and many more. Whenever you go to those places, it is but necessary to bring them as pasalubong. Anywhere the Filipinos would be, they can not go home without them.<br /><br />The joy is not just on having it. You will have more excitement when you visit the farms that produces it, the processing plants, the wood carvers and the weavers, not because you can buy the commodity cheaper but the fact that you have seen and sometimes experienced how those were made or produced. New learnings and experiences that you gained made it more meaningful.<br /><br /><strong>LEARNING THE BASICS</strong><br /><br />Reil G. Cruz in his paper cited Ryan (2002), which described sustainable tourism as a “model form of economic development that can improve the quality of life of the host community, provide a high quality of experience to visitors, and maintains the quality of the environment on which both the host community and visitors depend”. He also cited a WTO definition of sustainable tourism development as development that leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining the cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems.<br /><br />Based on my personal experiences and learnings from the theory and practice of ecotourism (Cruz, undated; Libosada, undated; and other authors), sustainable agrotourism should be consistent with the overall sustainable development policy framework and institutional mechanism with the following elements:<br /><br />• Systems oriented as it involves not only the tourist destinations but the whole community as well. Agrotourism stakeholders are not only the tourist but the service providers as well. In here, historical destinations, parks, beaches, processing plants, integrated farms and other amenities became part of the overall design. Each of them added value to the package. Negative impacts caused by any of them reduced the desirability of the whole.<br /><br />When we visited Del Prado Resort in Sariaya, Quezon last year, how I wish there will also be some agroforest destinations under the half-century old coconut trees where tourist could enjoy the taste of Buko Juice, fruits, and other products from Quezon. Maybe a mangrove with elevated pathway will also showcase the importance of mangrove in marine ecosystem with mangrove species properly labeled. Can the government with the resort owners have a joint venture on this and add value to the tourism package of the place?<br /><br />• Natural resources management and stewardship is an element that seeks to conserve natural resources, enhance environmental quality, promote and protect biodiversity. Agriculture should be able to promote soil and water conservation in order not to result to soil and water quality deterioration. Increase in soil erosion results to sedimentation of rivers and waterways. The use of high dosage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are contributors of water pollution. A new form of stewardship among stakeholders is therefore necessary.<br /><br />A report cited the contribution of the wood carving industry in deforesting the Muyong (forest) component of the watershed in the rice terraces systems. The increasing demand for wood crafts as a result of the growth in tourism would increase demands for wood among wood carvers. While before, there are specific species for wood carving, the increase demand result to use of any wood species in the forest thus resulting to deforestation. Since banning wood carving will be synonymous to killing a livelihood, expertise or a part of culture, strategy should be developed to allow the wood carvers themselves or they pay agroforesters to grow trees that they will be carving. Market mechanism can also be used to see to it that wood carving industries are kept alive without jeopardizing natural resources sustainability.<br /><br />Conservation of endangered species of flora and fauna can also be promoted through ecotourism. Botanical gardens, zoo, arboretum, bambusetum, and the like are ways to conserve those species. Medicinal gardens, fruit orchard, multi-storey agroforest, or even homelot garden can be designed to promote conservation and biodiversity.<br /><br />• Partnership among various stakeholders. There are several tourism projects cited to have promoted partnership among various stakeholders. Among the examples are the Mt. Pinatubo Ecotours in Zambales, Donsol Whaleshark Interaction Tours in Sorsogon, and Cambuhat River Tours in Bohol. In these cases, the community with the local and national government, academic institutions, private sectors, civil society and the religious are involved in various ways. They could be involved directly as service providers or as members of local tourism councils.<br /><br />Even the travelers are partners themselves. They also want to participate and be involved in something. They could be requested to plant their trees or contribute something to maintain it in exchange for trees named after them. They could catch fish and pay for it. The adventure of fishing is great. In the same manner, the children could climb guava trees and pay for the fruits that they gathered rather than just buying it from the basket.<br /><br />• Accountable and responsible particularly in providing and accessing the necessary services as claimed. Product labeling should be honestly provided. Organically produced vegetables are properly identified and if possible accreditation should be imposed. Unnecessary competition should be avoided while standardized quality services should be aspired for. In tourism, one enterprise can not do it alone. The more diverse services that are provided by several service providers in a particular destination will be more desirable to provide the public with range of options. However, each providers and tourist should be responsible enough that the agrotourism objectives, elements and principles– eg. ecological balance, environmental protection, conservation and promotion of biodiversity, human development, respect for human and nature dignity, respect and promotion of culture, among others – are subscribed. Rules of access and provision of services should be clearly communicated to the public so that they will know their responsibilities and accountabilities.<br /><br />The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Tourism (DOT) are implementing laws and regulations related to promotion of sustainable tourism. Monitoring and evaluation of compliance is necessary. Service provider who does not follow the regulation shall be penalized while those who follow should be rewarded.<br /><br />• Educational for the public so that they need not necessarily join tour packages in order to avail of the other tourism services. Brochures, signs, and other information and communication materials about particular destination such as park, water falls, farms, and other sites are of great help. Making these information available add value to the tourism destination. The information can make enough leeway for them to be more adventurous but not to violate certain rules. This is a responsibility not only of the national and local tourism office but also among tourist operators and members of the community. The objective is for the public to be well-informed and learn something from the experience. Well-informed and well-served tourists are the best public relation officers to promote tourism destinations.<br /><br />• Limits and boundaries should be clearly delineated. The capacity of a particular destination is limited by its carrying capacity. Nature park for example, should limit access to some extent that resources will not be exploited particularly by prospectors and vandals. There will be zones for farms, eating, lodging, recreation and other services. Environmental standards for structures that will be built particularly in beaches, natural sites, historical landmarks and other critical areas are also to be specified. In the case of agrotourism, land use is also dependent on the suitability and capability of the resource to be productive without sacrificing its sustainability. As one report mentioned it “don’t overuse, don’t overrun”.<br /><br />• Less disruptive. Tourism can also be disruptive to the host communities. As more people flux to the community, their activities will be affected. The demand for food will drive the price higher. In some instances, the people are driven out of their communities to accommodate tourism development. Speculators who have the resources can buy them out.<br /><br />Another form of disruption is in terms of the ecology itself. If more people are visiting flower gardens, bird farms, and the like, there will more exposure to possible contamination. In the case of a natural forest, stress caused by the presence of a visitor as they walk through the trails does not only translate to soil compaction but into the flora and fauna that are under it. Concrete trails may be provided but make sure that it will protect rather that exacerbate the stress provided into the system.<br /><br />• Integrated in the sense that the necessary services for tourist are properly provided for. The destination has available lodging houses, food services, recreation, education, business, even internet, services, communication and other support services. In the case of nature destination, there may be camping provisions and evacuation option in case of untoward incidents.<br /><br />• Equity which could be translated terms of distribution of benefits, access to resources, and intergenerational concern that the next generation should not be deprived of the amenities provided for by the tourism resources.<br /><br /><strong>AGROFORESTRY: HARMONIZING AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND TOURISM</strong><br /><br />Agroforestry as a science and practice can contribute in harmonizing agriculture, forestry and tourism. As a land use system, agroforestry combines agricultural crops, woody perennials, animals and other enterprises in a parcel of land in a particular spatial and temporal arrangement. There are several systems identified depending on the combinations of those component enterprises. As a system, agroforestry provides productive, economic, environmental and aesthetic services, which are generally compatible with tourism. Although it can not approximate a natural forest, agroforestry can also provide, to some extent the basic environmental services that forest can do – ie. Timber and other products, watershed services, soil and water conservation, and to limited extent agrobiodiversity. Despite these services, there were limited promotion and utilization of agroforestry as a system thus I have been looking for a strategy to make people aware of the good things of agroforestry and erase the misconception that going agroforestry is expensive.<br /><br />I have those visions come into senses when Ka Ely of Pooc II, Silang, Cavite approached me about developing an agroforestry tourism project in their village. What I could remember is the noble objective of preserving the agroforestry systems that they have been practicing for generations. He is worried about the on-going urbanization and the pressure it exerts in the use of the land. Their neighboring communities are already being converted to subdivisions and factories. The offer of immediate capital gains is enormous as the land values are rising. They are determined to preserve their agroforestry systems and this is where agriculture, forestry, and tourism may need to be harmonized.<br /><br />I have been to the village with the prodding of Dr. alelli Luna of the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau of DENR. She told me about the system and got my interest on it. They documented the agroforestry system and labeled as 1:4 agroforestry system. I went around the village and see their systems. I could see the whole 50 years of agroforestry transformation in that village. I can see coconut farms planted to corn and peanut, which is a characteristic of a newly-opened lands. This we could term as 1:3 system where you have three crops in a farm parcel. After the harvest of peanut but before the harvest of corn, coffee, pineapple and papaya are planted. Thus in the second year, the farm has 1:4 system composed of pineapple, papaya, and coffee. Papaya are harvested within the second year while pineapple started to be harvested during the first quarter of the third year. A well-kept coffee could be flowering by then and may have a good harvest in the fourth year. You can see a fifty year old coffee plantation in a 1:4 system. The old trees are cut for another cycle of the agroforestry system. These trees are sold as drift wood for orchids but I saw them in one of the resort used as poles for tables and walls for the cottages.<br /><br />This system I am now promoting as Uno por Cuatro but the Barangay Chairman Virgilio Tibayan said his system can even be labeled as Uno por Otso. In his farm parcel, he has mahogany, pineapple, black pepper,ube, papaya, and vegetables particularly pole sitao, not to include the cattle, swine and chicken in his farmstead. He was awarded as 2002 Outstanding Farmer Practicing Conservation Farming by the Conservation Farming Movement, Inc.<br /><br />These Agroforestry systems at various stages can be seen at Barangay Pooc, Silang, Cavite. The documentation made by ERDB and the subsequent interaction of the program collaborators to the Barangay Council explored the vision of establishing a Cavite Agroforestry village, which will showcase those agroforestry systems and inspire students, farmers, development workers and other interested individuals. The establishment of the Agroforestry Development Center will also provide a venue for research, extension and education to enhance and promote the existing Cavite Agroforestry System in other upland areas of the country with similar characteristics.<br /><br />The productive, economic, environmental and tourism values of agroforestry will be explored. Cottages, dormitories, recreation facilities and other amenities will be provided with due consideration of the basic elements mentioned above. The Agroforestry Village will not only cater to small farmers but also to potential farmers and the general public who needs to be educated on the relationship of agroforestry and the environment. We would like the visitors to dream about their farms on what they would aspire for and see that these are actualized in a place like Pooc II, Silang, Cavite, an agroforestry village. Overall, this program will attempt to mobilize the support of various institutions and the public in enhancing and preserving the Agroforestry legacy of Cavite- where Agriculture, forestry and tourism will be in harmony.<br /><br /><br /><strong>REFERENCES</strong><br /><br />Cruz, R.G. undated. In Search of an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism in the Philippines.<br />Libosada, C.M.. Undated. The Value of Preparing Communities for the Impacts of Tourism.<br /><br />__________________________<br />Paper presented for EcoForum 2003 – National Conference on the Promotion of Eco-Agro Tourism, Local Government Academy Training Center (LGTC), UP Los Banos, College, Laguna, February 25-28, 2003<br /><br />Director, institute of Agroforestry, College of Forestry and Natural Resources and Manager, Land Grant Management Office (LGMO), UP Los BanosMAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6130239593746959061.post-30296021798085823332006-11-21T04:35:00.000-08:002006-11-21T05:37:05.755-08:00MULA TUBANG BAKOD, TUBANGGATONG<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger2/2773/748320262908564/1600/19413/fruits.jpg"><img style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger2/2773/748320262908564/320/543046/fruits.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-family:verdana;">Virgilio T. Villancio</span></strong><br /><br /><div></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#3366ff;">Bakit Tubang Bakod?</span></strong><br /><br />Nitong mga nakaraang buwan, naging paboritong paksa ang paghahanap ng pamalit sa gasolina at krudo na ginagamit sa sasakyan. Natukoy ang paggamit ng Methanol o alcohol mula sa Tubo, kamoteng kahoy at Sweet sorghum upang maging pamalit sa gasolina. Samantalang ang krudong galing sa langis ng niyog o cocodiesel naman ang pamalit o panghalo sa krudo. Sa kasalukuyan, may mga kompanya na gumagamit na ng isang porsyentong halo ng cocodiesel sa kanilang ibenibentang krudo.<br />Bagama’t maaring magamit ang cocodiesel bilang pamalit sa krudo, medyo may kamahalan ang presyo ng langis ng niyog upang maipantay sa presyo ng krudo. Gayundin, dahil sa maraming paggagamitan ang niyog, anumang dagdag na gamit nito ay magpapataas sa presyo ng langis sa pamilihan. Dahil dito, hindi magiging praktikal na gawing panghalili sa krudo ang cocodiesel subalit may potensyal na gawing panghalo hindi lamang sa krudo kundi maging sa Jatropha Methyl Ester– ang krudong galing sa Tubang bakod.<br />Ang buto ng Tubang bakod ay ginagamit ng ilang magsasaka bilang ilaw. Ang mga buto at tinutuhog sa patpat na kawayan at sinisindihan upang magsilbing ilaw. Napag-alaman na ang buto nito ay mayroong mahigit na 30 porsyentong langis na maaring iproseso upang maging biodiesel. Kaya nga’t ang dating Tubang Bakod ay maari ng maging Tubang Gatong na biodiesel pamalit o panghalo sa krudo.<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#6666cc;">Ano ang tubang bakod?</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span></strong>Ang Jatopha curcas ay kilala sa katagalogan bilang Tubang bakod sapagkat ito ay ginagamit na pangbakod sa mga sakahan at mga bakuran. Ito ay kilala rin bilang Tuba-tuba dahil na rin sa angking lason ng buto nito na dinudurog at ginagawang lason sa isda. Ang dahon at balat nito ay silbing gamot at ginagamit sa pagpapagaling ng pilay. Ang mga dagta nito diumano’y mayroong anti-biotic properties. </div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#6666cc;">Ano-ano ang Uri ng Tubang Bakod?</span></strong><br /><br />Ang Tubang bakod ay kilala sa iba’t-ibang pangalan sa Pilipinas katulad ng mga sumusunod: Galumbang (Pamp.); kasla (Bis.); kirisol (Tag.); tuba-tuba (Tag, Bis); tagumbau (Ilk.); tagumbau-na-purau (Ilk.); takumbau (Sbl.); tangan-tangan-tuba (Tag.); taua-taua (Ilk., Ig.); tauua (Ilk.); tuba (Ig., Bik., Tag.); tubang-bakod (Tag.). A English ito ay kilala bilang physic nut tree, purging nut tree o big purge nut. Ang Tubang bakod ay matatagpuan sa halos lahat ng dako ng Pilipinas maliban na lamang sa matataas na lugar na mahigit sa 500 masl.<br />Ayon sa report, ang tubang bakod ay maaring nadala rito sa Pilipinas mula sa Mexico noong panahon ng pananakop ng mga kastila. Maraming uri ng jatropha curcas ang diumano ay matatagpuan sa South America at iba pang dako ng Africa subalit sa Pilipinas ay hindi pa natin tiyak ang magandang uri nito. Kaya kailangan natingmasuri ang mga koleksyong mayroon sa Pilipinas. Ang pag-aaaral na ito ay isasagawa ng National Plant Genetics Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) sa Institute of Plant breeding, Crop science Cluster (CSC), UP Los Banos. Ito ay isasagawa sa pakikipagtulungan ng mga mananaliksik sa iba pang kolehiyo at unibersidad at iba pang organisasyon sa Pilipinas . Kailangan rin ang kooperasyon ng mga magsasaka at iba pang pribadong indibidual. Kung mayroong koleksyon na may potensyal sa dami, laki at iba pang kalidad ng maaning buto, maaring magpadala ng ilang sangang pananim at buto sa NPGRL upang ito ay masuri at mapag-aaralan ang kanyang mabuting mga katangian na maaring magamit sa pagpapaunlad ng lahi ng Tubang bakod.<br />Sa ngayon, alam natin na ang tubang bakod ay lumalaki ng halos limang metro ang taas. Hindi natin ito napapansin dito sa Pilipinas sapagkat madalas natin itong pinuputol dahil sa bilis ng paglago. Ang bawat kumpol ng bunga ay mayroong pito hanggang sampung bunga at ang bawat bunga naman ay pangkaraniwang may tatlong buto. Minsan lamang akong nakakita ng bungang may apat na buto. Sa aming pag-aaral, ang bunga ng mga tubang bakod na aming nasuri ay mayroong average na 2.67 buto dahil ang ilang bunga ay mayroong dalawang buto lamang. Isa sa maaring dahilan ay kakulangan ng fertilization ng bulaklak upang mabuo ang buto.<br />Ang laki at bigat ng buto ay isa sa mabuting katangian. Ang isang kilong buto kung bagong ani ay halos isang libong buto ngunit kung tuyo naman ay halos 1,200 buto. Wala pa rin tayong sapat na datos sa dami ng langis na nakukuha sa bawat uri ng tubang bakod. Tutuong marami pa tayong dapat pag-aralan sa tamang uri ng Tubang bakod ngunit maari nating itanim ang mga uring nasa sa ating paligid. Siguraduhin lamang na ang ating pananim ay nanggagaling sa namumungang halaman, may bunga ang bawat kumpol ng pito o higit pang bunga, medyo may kalakihan ang buto at pangkaraniwang may tatlong buto bawat bunga.<br />Pagtatanim ng Tubang bakod.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;">Papaano ang pagtatanim ng Tubang bakod?</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><br />Ang Tubang bakod ay pangkaraniwang itinatanim sa bakod sa mga bakuran at mga sakahan. Pangkaraniwang itinatanim ito upang mapagkunan ng dahon at balat na itinatapal sa pilay at bugbog. Kung ito ay lumalago na at sobra na ang mga sanga, ito ay pinuputol upang maging mababa at maginhawa ang pagkuha ng dahon. Kung pangbakod, pangkaraniwang ginagamit na pananim ang sanga na may habang halos isang metro.<br />Sa aming pag-aaral, napag-alaman na maaring gumamit ng sangang may habang isang talampakan o 30 sintemetro na may halos lima hanggang sampung buko. Maari itong derektang itanim sa bukid kung medyo maulan upang may sapat na kabasaan ang lupa sa panahon ng pagtubo. Gayundin, kailangan ding alisin ang damo sa paligid ng pananim.<br />Ang mga sanga ay maari ring itanim muna sa plastic bag na may sukat na 3X3X11 upang patubuin bago ilipat sa bukid. Sa pagpili ng sangang pananim, dapat medyo malakahoy na ang sanga at hindi lubhang mura. Ang sangang pananim ay hindi nagkakaroon ng tap root o mahaba at pailalim na ugat kaya maaring hindi gaanong matibay ang mga ugat. Maaaring itanim ang sanga ng padahilig upang magkaroon ng pseudo tap root. Kaya nga lamang ay kakaunti ang ugat nito. Kung patayo naman ang pagkakatanim, nagkakaroon ng ugat sa paligid ng puno at nagiging mas balanse ang tayo ng halaman.<br />Mas mainam na itanim ang buto, sapagkat dahil sa mayroon itong tap root kaya mas malalim ang ugat nito . Mas madaling tumubo ang mga butong bagong ani. Huwag patuyuin sa init ng araw ang buto. Ihalahayhay lamang ito sa kanlong na lugar at kinabukasan maari na itong derektang itanim sa bukid. Upang masiguradong tutubo ang buto, maaring ibabad sa tubig ng magdamag at kulubin ito. Ang mga butong tumubo lamang ang derektang itanim. Ang tumutubong buto ay mayroong limang bagong tubong ugat, isang tap root sa gitna at apat na secondary root sa paligid nito. Kaya magiging mas balanse ang ugat ng halaman sa kanyang paglaki. Ang derektang pagtatanim ng buto sa bukid ay maaring gawin kung mapapangalagaan ang halaman laban sa damo at may sapat na halumig ang lupa para sa pagtubo nito. Mas minam kung gagawin ang pagtatanim sa panahon ng tag-ulan.<br />Kung nais namang malaki na ang punla bago itanim, gumamit ng plastic bag (3X3X11) upang pag-punlaan ng pinatubong buto. Ang lupang pagtataniman ay maaring pinag-halong lupa at compost. Sa aking karanasan, ginagamit ko ang pinaghalong tatlong parte ng lupa at isang parte ng bulok na ipot ng manok. Kung mayroong inuling na ipa ng palay (carbonated rice hull), isang parte nito, dalawang parte ng lupa at isang parte ng ipot ng manok ay maaring gamitin.<br />Bago itanim ang pinatubong buto, maaring maglagay ng isang kutsarang Mykovam sa lupa kada plastic bag na pagtataniman. Ang Mykovam ay mayroong organismo na nagbibigay ng kakayahan sa ugat na makasipsip ng mas maraming sustansya mula sa lupa at nakapagpabilis sa paglaki ng halaman.<br />Ang punlang mula sa sanga o buto ay maaring itanim sa edad na dalawa hanggang tatlong buwan kung ito ay may 30-45 sentimetro na ang taas.<br />Kung ang itatanim ay purong Tubang bakod, maaring itanim ito sa agwat na dalawang metro (2mX2m) sa bawat halaman. Sa mga lupang pang-agrikultura lalo na iyong mga lupang dahilig, maari itong gamiting malabakod (hedge) at taniman ng ibang halaman ang mga pagitan nito. Itanim ng isang metro ang agwat ng bawat halaman na may dalawang hanay sa bawat malabakod. Ang bawat malabakod naman ay maaring may agwat na tatlo o pitong metro upang mataniman ng iba pang uri ng halaman. Sa unang taon, maaring magtanim ng palay dalatan (upland rice), mani at iba pang mababang halaman upang hindi makaapekto sa lumalaking tubang bakod. Sa ikalawang taon, maaari ng magtanim ng mas mataas na halaman. Sa Cavite at sa Davao, may nagsasalit-tanim ng saging kasama ng Tubang bakod. Ang kompanya ng Nestle ay nagsasabing maari rin itong itanim kasama ng kape.</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;">Papaano ang pagpupungos (<em>pruning</em>)?</span></strong></div><strong></strong><div align="justify"><br />Upang magkaroon ng maraming sanga na mamumunga kailangan ang tamang pangangasiwa sa pagpupungos ng sanga. Mga tatlong buwan pagkatanim o kung ang halaman ay may 75 hanggang 100 sintemetro ang taas, maaring alisin ang talbos nito upang magkaroon ng sanga ang halaman. Pumili ng apat hanggang limang malulusog na sanga upang ito ay patuluying lumaki. Pagkatapos ng tatlong buwan mula sa pagpupungos ang mga sanga ay magsisimula ng mamulaklak kung ang pananim ay mula sa sanga o pagkatapos naman ng apat hanggang limang buwan kung ang pananim ay galing sa buto. Pagkatapos ng unang taon ng pag-aani, muling pungusin ang mga sanga at pumili ng tatlo o apat na malusog na sangang umusbong sa bawat pangunahing sanga. Kung ang ikalawang usbong na sanga ay may 30 sentimetro na ang haba muling pungusin ito at hayaang umusbong ang mga tatlong sanga. Kaya sa ikalawang taon ay mayroon ng 24-30 sanga na maaaring pabungahin. Sa ikatatlong taon, dapat na mayroong hindi kukulangin sa 40 sanga na mamumunga sa bawat puno.<br /></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;">Ano-ano ang mga peste at sakit ng tubang Bakod?</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><br />Bago pa lamang nagkakaroon ng interes sa pag-aaral sa Tubang bakod kaya medyo kulang pa rin ang ating kaalaman tungkol sa peste at sakit nito. Pangkaraniwang makikita ang mites na nagiging sanhi ng pangungulot ng dahon na may paltak-paltak na dilaw sa ibabaw nito. Kung susuriin ang ilalim ng dahon, mayroong maliliit na hayop dito. Makikita ang mites kahit sa mga punla at sa magugulang na halaman.<br />Mayroon ding uri ng thrips na nakaka-apekto sa Tubang bakod at ito ay makikita sa mga magugulang na dahon.<br />Iniulat din na ang mga sakit at peste ng kamoteng kahoy ay umaatake rin sa Tubang bakod.<br />Sa ngayon, hindi pa natin alam ang derektang pinsalang maaring magawa ng mga sakit at peste ng Tubang bakod. Kaya ang National Crop protection Center (NCPC) ng Crop Protection Cluster (CPC) ay magkakaroon ng pag-aaral upang alamin ang mga peste at sakit na ito. Gayundin, pag-aaralan ang tamang pangangasiwa ng peste at sakit ng hindi gagamit ng kemikal na paraan.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;">Papaano ang Pag-aabono?</span></strong><br /><br />Bagamat maaring tumubo ang Tubang bakod kahit sa hindi mayabong na lupa, kailangan pa rin ang tamang pangangasiwa ng lupa at taba nito. Nabanggit na ang pag-gamit ng Mykovam sa panahon ng paghahanda ng punla at ang mycorhizza na kasama nito ay madadala na rin sa bukid kung ilipat tanim na ito. Ang Mycorhizza ay dumadami sa ugat ng halaman at ito ang tumutulong upang makasipsip ng sustansya ang halaman mula sa lupa. Bagamat maaring maglagay ng Kimekal na abono, mas mabuting gumamit ng organikong pataba. Maaring maglagay ng kalahating kilong organikong pataba bilang basal o pa-upo sa bawat tanim.<br /><br /><span style="color:#6666cc;"><strong>Kailan ito namumulaklak at namumunga?</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><br />Ang Tubang bakod sa Pilipinas ay namumulaklak at namumunga sa buong taon, bagamat mayroong buwan ng mas maraming bunga. Maraming insekto na tumutulong upang magkaroon ng epektibong pollination ang mga bulaklak. Mas maganda kung maisasama ang pag-aalaga ng pukyutan sa pataniman upang may dagdag na pakinabang. Halos dalawang buwan mula sa pag-usbong ng bulaklak, ang bunga ay mahihinog na.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;">Papaano ang pag-aani ng bunga?</span></strong></div><strong></strong><div align="justify"><br />Ang bunga ay inaani kung ito ay madilaw na ang balat. Sapagkat hindi ito sabay-sabay na nahihinog sa bawat kumpol, pinipili ang mga hinog na bunga sa pag-aani.<br />Sa aming panimulang pag-aaral, may dalawang panahon ng pamumunga- sa patag-araw at panahon ng tag-ulan. Sa bawat panahon ang isang sanga ay maaring magbunga ng apat hanggang limang kumpol na mayroong pito o higit pang bunga sa bawat kumpol. Kung ganito kahusay ang uri ng Tubang bakod na inyong mapipili, ang isang sanga ay maaaring mag ani ng 100 gramong buto kada taon. Kaya kung mayroong 30 sanga na mamumunga ng katulad nito, makakuha ng halos 7.5 toneladang buto sa isang ektarya na may 2,500 puno.<br />sa aming panimulang pagtataya, sa unang taon ay maaring mag-ani ng 600 kg kada ektarya at hanggang 2,000 kg naman sa ikalawang taon. Sa ikatatlong taon, maari ng maka-ani ng halos limang toneladang buto. Sa magandang lupa, maaring mag-ani ng mas higit pa sa 7.5 tonelada kada ektarya bawat taon.<br /><br /><span style="color:#6666cc;"><strong>Magkano ang gastos at kita?</strong> </span></div><strong><span style="color:#6666cc;"></span></strong><div align="justify"><br />Bagamat wala pang sapat na datos upang mataya ang gastos at kita sa pagtatanim ng Tubang bakod, ang aming panimulang pagtataya ay nangangailangn ng halos 40,000 piso para sa pagtatanim sa isang ektaryang taniman at 10,000 piso para sa mga susunod na taon para sa pag-aalis ng damo at iba pang pangangasiwa.<br />Sa limang piso kada kilo ng buto at kung Tubang bakod lamang ang itatanim, mababawi lamang ang kagastusan pagkatapos ng apat na taon. Subalit kung ito ay itatanim na kasama ng ibang agrikulturang halaman o sa sistemang agroforestry, ang mga kagastusan ay agarang mababawi kahit sa una pa lamang na taon.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div>MAGSAKAUNLARANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09976267025513389563noreply@blogger.com1